US History, April 21 • Entry Task: Review the test! • Announcements: – Did you turn in 2 sentences about Gandhi’s legacy yesterday? – You’ll need a book today - start on p. 579 – 59.5+ is an A - 52.5-59 is a B – 46-52 is a C - 39.5-45.5 is a D – Test Corrections are due tomorrow! See me for questions. Nazism Totalitarianism Communism Fascism *These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behavior The Great Depression [1929-1941] London in 1930 Paris in 1930 Japan: Emperor Hirohito • Known as “Tenno” to his subjects, the living embodiment of the Japanese people • Symbol of the state more than an actual ruler • People never heard his voice until August 15, 1945 • Hideki Tojo was Prime Minister of Japan 1941- 1944 Japan • Japan felt that they had the right to start an overseas empire, just as European countries such as Britain and France had. Why did Japan “need” overseas territories? (1) In 1931, Japan seized Manchuria, China, for its valuable coal and iron. (2) Puppet state created: Manchukuo • The League of Nations condemned actions but failed to help China. (3) Japan simply dropped out of the League. • (4) In 1937, Japan began an all out attack on China (Rape of Nanking), eventually conquering (5) Korea and (6) French Indo-China (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) as well by 1941. September 1940: Japan signs the Tripartite Pact (Germany, Japan, and Italy) In Tokyo, Japan, this street sign reads: "To the fall of Nanking, To the victory of the Imperial Army". Holy war: Eight corners of the world under one roof – although Japan never DECLARED war at first – needed US steel and UK petroleum Toshiaki Mukai and Iwa Noda, two Japanese Imperial officers, killed 211 Chinese in total during a beheading competition; one killed 106, the other 105 in their contest. News was printed in NY Times and Time Magazine; yet the American public did not fully believe *WARNING: disturbing image on the next slide* Disturbing Slide (next) A Japanese soldier with the decapitated head of a Chinese peasant. A map of Nanking and the points of massacre – historians estimate 40,000-300,000 mass murdered and tens of thousands of women raped American POWs – 4% chance of dying in a German POW camp. 27% chance in a Japanese camp. US History, April 22 • Entry Task: Today, we are going to skip to Hitler (hopefully this section will fit in the short period for today - Japan Mon) • Announcements: – Test Grades: – 59.5+ is an A - 52.5-59 is a B – 46-52 is a C - 39.5-45.5 is a D – Test Corrections are due today! See me for questions. Hitler: Fuhrer Party: Nazis German Inflation early 1920s • High unemployment and inflation in Germany = people upset with government German Marks needed to buy one US dollar: ■ 1919 April--12 ■ December--47 ■ 1921 November--263 ■ 1922 July--493 ■ December--7,000 ■ 1923 January--17,000 ■ July--53,000 ■ August--4,621,000 ■ October--25,260,000,000 ■ November--2,193,600,000,000 ■ December--4,200,000,000,000 The Situation in Germany: An Economic and Political Crisis with Low National Morale • After World War I, Germany faced a series of crises: – Versailles Treaty punishments – The devastated country suffered from widespread unemployment, runaway Value of Mark inflation, and low national morale. • By 1923 the mark was worth one-trillionth (0.000000000001) of its original value. • The middle class, a necessity for a stable democratic government, was wiped out. – The Weimar Republic, established in 1919, had a divided democratic Reichstag with many parties including Communists, Socialists, and Fascists. Decline in German Incomes • Even though the mark stabilized with a new currency: • Companies throughout Germany went bankrupt. • Millions of workers were laid off • Unemployment increased from 650,000 in 1928 to 6,100,000 in 1933 (25 % of the workforce): • 1928: 650,000 1929: 1,320,000 Unemployment 1930: 3,000,000 1931: 4,350,000 1932: 5,102,000 1933: 6,100,000 The Way is Clear • The German people were tired of all of these things: – The political squabbling – The misery and the suffering of the Great Depression – The weakness exhibited by the democratic Weimar Republic • These were desperate times and they were willing to listen to someone who seemed to have the answers. The Rise of Dictators • Hitler and Nazism in Germany – The political and economic chaos in postwar Germany led to the rise of new political parties. • Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party, or the Nazi Party. • Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei • Hitler reorganized the party from 1924- 1928 – won 12 seats in the Reichstag in 1928 • The Nazi Party did not represent the working class as its name suggested, but was nationalistic and anti-communist. Appeal of Hitler • Constantly blamed Jews and Weimar politicians for Germany’s problems, not the German people. • Germans had been badly wronged at Versailles. – A new party member who wrote that after hearing Hitler speak for the first time, 'there was only one thing for me, either to win with Adolf Hitler or to die for him. The personality of the Fuhrer had me totally in its spell'. Techniques • Vague promises, no details but absolute commitment, personal sacrifice, outward strength • Repetition of catch phrases • Arrived late, built urgency, pacing • Lighting, music, chants • Vocal sympathizers sat up front • Rarely gave exact answers The Rise of Dictators The Nazis tried to seize power in 1923, plan failed and Hitler was arrested: • While in jail Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) IDEAS: Unification of all Germans under one government Master race or the Aryans anti-Semitism (anti-Jewish) Social Darwinism: right of superior nations to expand Germany has to expand into Poland Jews caused most of the world’s problems The Rise of Dictators • Hitler and Nazism in Germany – Many traditional German leaders supported Hitler’s nationalism. 1932 – Hitler runs for Pres (35% vote) • They believed that if they helped Hitler become leader of Germany legally, they could control him. – In 1933 the German president Paul von Hindenberg appointed Hitler as chancellor, or prime minister. – After being appointed he ordered the police to crack down on the Communist Parties. Führer Adolf Hitler; Hermann Göring; Minister of Propaganda Josep h Goebbels; Rudolf Hess US History, April 25 • Entry Task: Start/Finish “Education for Death” (Disney Movie) • Announcements: – Test Corrections - does anyone need to turn these in? – You’ll need a book and the notes from Th/F out - you can NUMBER the bullets - please only write down what is numbered on the slides 3 9 4 8 5 1 6 2 7 The Weimar Republic TIMELINE •Hitler is appointed Chancellor ( Jan 1933) •Reichstag Fire (Feb 27, 1933) – Marius van der Lubbe (Communist) •Emergency Decree (Feb 28, 1933) – suspends civil liberties (Nazis – 44% of vote) •Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) – gives Chancellor unlimited legislative powers for 4 years ***Hitler •July 1933 – Nazis only legal becomes party •Night of the Long Knives (June Fuhrer (August 30-July 2, 1934) 2, 1934) Ein Volk - ein Reich - ein Führer How did Hitler keep control of Germany? The Terror State Propaganda Secret police called Mass Rallies, Posters the Gestapo would and Propaganda spy on and arrest films. enemies of the state. Keeping The Nazis controlled and censored the SS were responsible Control of radio & newspapers. for running the Germany concentration camps. School children were indoctrinated with Everyone was scared of Popularity Nazi ideas at school. being arrested by the Gestapo and being put Ripping up the Hitler Youth & in a concentration Treaty of the Young camp. Versailles. Creating Jobs Maidens. The Rise of Dictators • Hitler and Nazism in Germany – In 1934 Hitler became chancellor and president, which gave him control of the army. – He began to rebuild Germany’s military, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. • Hitler promised national pride, honor, traditional values - militarized new Germany Four Year Plan: Hermann Göring • 1933: Hitler withdraws Germany from the League of Nations • Economic Recovery Plan focused on public works projects, militarization, production • In 1935, Hitler established military conscription for all German men • created an air force • began to build submarines • The Treaty of Versailles limited Germany to a 100,000-man army, but Hitler's army soon numbered 600,000. Volkswagen Hitler met with automotive designer Ferdinand Porsche in 1933 and charged Porsche with creating the new car. The chancellor required that the Volkswagen carry two adults and three children, go up to 60 miles per hour, get at least 33 miles per gallon, and cost only 1,000 reichsmarks. Hitler may also have named the car the Beetle. Was the 4 year Plan a success? • Unemployment dropped quickly 4.8 million in 1933 to 0.5 million in 1938 • Wages rose slightly but were still lower in 1938 than they had been in 1928 • Working hours went up to 49 hours per week in 1939 – 52 hours in 1943 to over 60 hours per week by 1945 • There were fewer consumer goods (personal and household goods) • Trade unions were replaced by “Beauty of Labour” and “Strength Through Joy” who organized better conditions and leisure activities Was the 4 year Plan a success? • Unemployment dropped quickly 4.8 million in 1933 to 0.5 million in 1938 BUT consider: • Figures do not include Jews and women dismissed from their jobs, unmarried men under 25 who were forced into National Labor jobs and conscription (draft in 1935), the opponents of the Nazis who were in concentration camps, and part time workers were counted as full time. Goebbels and Riefenstahl • Goebbels was the Chief Propaganda Officer.