Eco-Architecture VII WIT Press publishes leading books in Science and Technology. Visit our website for the current list of titles. www.witpress.com WITeLibrary Home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute. Papers contained in this volume are archived in the WIT eLibrary in volume 183 of WIT Transactions on the Built Environment (ISSN 1743-3509). The WIT eLibrary provides the international scientific community with immediate and permanent access to individual papers presented at WIT conferences. Visit the WIT eLibrary at www.witpress.com. SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HARMONISATION BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE Eco-Architecture 2018 Conference Chairman S. Syngellakis Wessex Institute, UK International Scientific Advisory Committee M. Ali K. Al-Kodmany R. Cerny A. Galiano Garrigos M. Garrison K. Moon D. Longo N. Simoesbra A. Williams Organised by Wessex Institute, UK University of Illinois at Chicago, USA Sponsored by WIT Transactions on the Built Environment International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning WIT Transactions Wessex Institute Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst Southampton SO40 7AA, UK Senior Editors H. Al-Kayiem W. J. Mansur Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil G. M. Carlomagno J. L. Miralles i Garcia University of Naples Federico II, Italy Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain A. H-D. Cheng G. Passerini University of Mississippi, USA Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy J. J. Connor F. D. Pineda Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Complutense University, Spain J. Th M. De Hosson D. Poljak University of Groningen, Netherlands University of Split, Croatia P. De Wilde F. Polonara Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Università Politecnia delle Marche, Italy N. A. Dumont D. Proverbs PUC-Rio, Brazil Birmingham City University, UK A. Galiano-Garrigos T. Rang University of Alicante, Spain Tallinn Technical University, Estonia F. Garzia G. Rzevski University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy The Open University, UK M. Hadfield P. Skerget University of Bournemouth, UK University of Maribor, Slovenia S. Hernández B. Sundén University of A Coruña, Spain Lund University, Sweden J. T. Katsikadelis Y. Villacampa Esteve National Technical University of Athens, Greece Universidad de Alicante, Spain J. W. S. Longhurst P. Vorobieff University of the West of England, UK University of New Mexico, USA E. Magaril S. S. Zubir Ural Federal University, Russia Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia S. Mambretti Politecnico di Milano, Italy Editorial Board B. Abersek University of Maribor, Slovenia F. Butera Politecnico di Milano, Italy Y. N. Abousleiman University of Oklahoma, USA W. Cantwell Liverpool University, UK G. Alfaro Degan Università Roma Tre, Italy C. Capilla Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, K. S. Al Jabri Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Spain D. Almorza Gomar University of Cadiz, Spain D. J. Cartwright Bucknell University, USA J. A. C. Ambrosio IDMEC, Portugal P. G. Carydis National Technical University of Athens, Greece A. M. Amer Cairo University, Egypt J. J. Casares Long Universidad de Santiago de S. A. Anagnostopoulos University of Patras, Greece Compostela, Spain E. Angelino A.R.P.A. Lombardia, Italy A. Chakrabarti Indian Institute of Science, India H. Antes Technische Universitat Braunschweig, F. Chejne National University, Colombia Germany J-T. Chen National Taiwan Ocean University, M. A. Atherton South Bank University, UK Taiwan A. G. Atkins University of Reading, UK J. Chilton University of Lincoln, UK D. Aubry Ecole Centrale de Paris, France C-L. Chiu University of Pittsburgh, USA H. Azegami Toyohashi University of Technology, H. Choi Kangnung National University, Korea Japan A. Cieslak Technical University of Lodz, Poland J. M. Baldasano Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain C. Clark Wessex Institute, UK J. Barnes University of the West of England, UK S. Clement Transport System Centre, Australia J. G. Bartzis Institute of Nuclear Technology, M. C. Constantinou State University of New York Greece at Buffalo, USA S. Basbas Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, M. da C Cunha University of Coimbra, Portugal Greece W. Czyczula Krakow University of Technology, A. Bejan Duke University, USA Poland M. P. Bekakos Democritus University of Thrace, L. D’Acierno Federico II University of Naples, Greece Italy G. Belingardi Politecnico di Torino, Italy M. Davis Temple University, USA R. Belmans Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, A. B. de Almeida Instituto Superior Tecnico, Belgium Portugal D. E. Beskos University of Patras, Greece L. De Biase University of Milan, Italy S. K. Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of R. de Borst Delft University of Technology, Technology, India Netherlands H. Bjornlund University of South Australia, G. De Mey University of Ghent, Belgium Australia A. De Naeyer Universiteit Ghent, Belgium E. Blums Latvian Academy of Sciences, Latvia N. De Temmerman Vrijie Universiteit Brussel, J. Boarder Cartref Consulting Systems, UK Belgium B. Bobee Institut National de la Recherche D. De Wrachien State University of Milan, Italy Scientifique, Canada L. Debnath University of Texas-Pan American, H. Boileau ESIGEC, France USA M. Bonnet Ecole Polytechnique, France G. Degrande Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium C. A. Borrego University of Aveiro, Portugal S. del Giudice University of Udine, Italy A. R. Bretones University of Granada, Spain M. Domaszewski Universite de Technologie de F-G. Buchholz Universitat Gesanthochschule Belfort-Montbeliard, France Paderborn, Germany K. Dorow Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, O. T. Gudmestad University of Stavanger, Norway USA R. C. Gupta National University of Singapore, W. Dover University College London, UK Singapore C. Dowlen South Bank University, UK J. M. Hale University of Newcastle, UK J. P. du Plessis University of Stellenbosch, South K. Hameyer Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Africa Belgium R. Duffell University of Hertfordshire, UK C. Hanke Danish Technical University, Denmark A. Ebel University of Cologne, Germany Y. Hayashi Nagoya University, Japan V. Echarri University of Alicante, Spain L. Haydock Newage International Limited, UK K. M. Elawadly Alexandria University, Egypt A. H. Hendrickx Free University of Brussels, D. Elms University of Canterbury, New Zealand Belgium M. E. M El-Sayed Kettering University, USA C. Herman John Hopkins University, USA D. M. Elsom Oxford Brookes University, UK I. Hideaki Nagoya University, Japan F. Erdogan Lehigh University, USA W. F. Huebner Southwest Research Institute, USA J. W. Everett Rowan University, USA M. Y. Hussaini Florida State University, USA M. Faghri University of Rhode Island, USA W. Hutchinson Edith Cowan University, Australia R. A. Falconer Cardiff University, UK T. H. Hyde University of Nottingham, UK M. N. Fardis University of Patras, Greece M. Iguchi Science University of Tokyo, Japan A. Fayvisovich Admiral Ushakov Maritime State L. Int Panis VITO Expertisecentrum IMS, Belgium University, Russia N. Ishikawa National Defence Academy, Japan H. J. S. Fernando Arizona State University, USA H. Itoh University of Nagoya, Japan W. F. Florez-Escobar Universidad Pontifica W. Jager Technical University of Dresden, Bolivariana, South America Germany E. M. M. Fonseca Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Y. Jaluria Rutgers University, USA Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, D. R. H. Jones University of Cambridge, UK Portugal N. Jones University of Liverpool, UK D. M. Fraser University of Cape Town, South D. Kaliampakos National Technical University of Africa Athens, Greece G. Gambolati Universita di Padova, Italy D. L. Karabalis University of Patras, Greece C. J. Gantes National Technical University of A. Karageorghis University of Cyprus Athens, Greece T. Katayama Doshisha University, Japan L. Gaul Universitat Stuttgart, Germany K. L. Katsifarakis Aristotle University of N. Georgantzis Universitat Jaume I, Spain Thessaloniki, Greece L. M. C. Godinho University of Coimbra, Portugal E. Kausel Massachusetts Institute of Technology, F. Gomez Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, USA Spain H. Kawashima The University of Tokyo, Japan A. Gonzales Aviles University of Alicante, Spain B. A. Kazimee Washington State University, USA D. Goulias University of Maryland, USA F. Khoshnaw Koya University, Iraq K. G. Goulias Pennsylvania State University, USA S. Kim University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA W. E. Grant Texas A & M University, USA D. Kirkland Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners Ltd, S. Grilli University of Rhode Island, USA UK R. H. J. Grimshaw Loughborough University, UK E. Kita Nagoya University, Japan D. Gross Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, A. S. Kobayashi University of Washington, USA Germany D. Koga Saga University, Japan R. Grundmann Technische Universitat Dresden, S. Kotake University of Tokyo, Japan Germany A. N. Kounadis National Technical University of C. A. Mitchell University of Sydney, Australia Athens, Greece K. Miura Kajima Corporation, Japan W. B. Kratzig Ruhr Universitat Bochum, Germany A. Miyamoto Yamaguchi University, Japan T. Krauthammer Penn State University, USA T. Miyoshi Kobe University, Japan R. Laing Robert Gordon University, UK G. Molinari University of Genoa, Italy M. Langseth Norwegian University of Science and F. Mondragon Antioquin University, Colombia Technology, Norway T. B. Moodie University of Alberta, Canada B. S. Larsen Technical University of Denmark, D. B. Murray Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Denmark M. B. Neace Mercer University, USA F. Lattarulo Politecnico di Bari, Italy D. Necsulescu University of Ottawa,