FLORA OF KARNATAKA A Checklist Volume - 2 : Gymnosperms & Angiosperms CITATION Karnataka Biodiversity Board, 2019. FLORA OF KARNATAKA, A Checklist, Volume – 2: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. 1 - 1002 (Published by Karnataka Biodiversity Board) Published: December, 2019. ISBN - 978-81-939228-1-1 © Karnataka Biodiversity Board, 2019 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • No part of this book, or plates therein, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. • This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. • The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. DISCLAIMER • THE CONTENTS INCLUDING TEXT, PLATES AND OTHER INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE BOOK ARE SOLELY THE AUTHOR’S RESPONSIBILITY AND BOARD DOES NOT HOLD ANY LIABILITY. PRICE: ` 2000/- (Two thousand rupees only). Printed by : Peacock Advertising India Pvt Ltd. # 158 & 159, 3rd Main, 7th Cross, Chamarajpet, Bengaluru – 560 018 | Ph: 080 - 2662 0566 Web: www.peacockgroup.in FOREWORD About 60% of the Western Ghats is present in Karnataka State, with this large part of the peninsular green cover coupled with inland forest plateau enriched by the seven river systems, the State of Karnataka showcases a wider floral wealth harboring highest number of apex predators all of which is conserved by a framework of various statutes. The present book titled ‘Flora of Karnataka – A checklist of Angiosperms & Gymnosperms, Volume – 2’ gives a concise information on the present day seed-bearing plants - the Angiosperms - with highest number of species while also capturing information on the old world naked seed bearing plants – the Gymnosperms - which are the tallest and largest living plants on earth. These plants have the natural ability to produce seeds surrounded by nutritive tissue and coated with a seed coat. Gymnosperm plants were present 200 million years before the arrival of the Angiosperms, they have somehow acclimatized and managed to survive hitherto with a few countable specimens. On the other hand, the Angiosperms are the successors of Gymnosperms and are the modern day flower bearing plants, serving mankind with various uses especially as food and medicine. The contributions and services of experts engaged in formulating the methodology and compiling this huge data is praise worthy. The book not only provides an exhaustive list of plants from the above two groups, but also contains information on their taxonomy, synonyms, habitat including their distribution as well. I would like to acknowledge Karnataka Biodiversity Board for its substantiating efforts in preparation of this book. Authors 1. Dr. M. Sanjappa, INSA Senior Scientist, Mahatma Gandhi Botanical Garden, GKVK, Bengaluru – 560 065. 2. Dr. A.N. Sringeswara, Curator, Mahatma Gandhi Botanical Garden, GKVK, Bengaluru – 560 065. Photograph Credits Dr. M. Sanjappa, GKVK. Dr. A.N. Sringeswara, GKVK. Dr. S.R. Yadav, Shivaji University, Kollapur. Acknowledgements 1. Sri R.M.N. Sahai, IFS (Retd.), Former Chairman, Karnataka Biodiversity Board for his vision which resulted in this book. 2. Sri R.K. Singh, IFS, APCCF (Working Plan) & Former Member Secretary, Karnataka Biodiversity Board for initiating the work. 3. Dr. M. Sanjappa, INSA Senior Scientist, Mahatma Gandhi Botanical Garden, GKVK for taking the lead in gathering the information. 4. Dr. Virender Singh, IFS, APCCF & Member Secretary, Karnataka Biodiversity Board for compiling the information and publishing. 5. Smt Sahana S. Hegde, Deputy Director (Horticulture), Karnataka Biodiversity Board for facilitation and convening the meetings. 6. Sri Pritham S, Research Associate (Zoology), Karnataka Biodiversity Board for coordination and cover page design. 7. Members of Publication Committee, Karnataka Biodiversity Board for various inputs and suggestions: a) Dr. M. Sanjappa, INSA Senior Scientist, Mahatma Gandhi Botanical Garden, GKVK, Bengaluru – 560 065. b) Prof. C. Kameswara Rao, Executive Secretary, FBAE, No. 1 Gupta’s layout, Southend Road, Bengaluru – 560 004. c) Prof. M. Narayana Swamy, Professor & Head, Dept. of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore – 560 024. d) Dr. S.N. Hegde, Former Professor & Chairman, Dept. of Zoology, University of Mysore, No. 109, Vikasa, 7th Main, 3rd Cross, Bogadi II Stage, Mysore – 570 026. e) Dr. B.N. Manjunatha, Professor of Agricultural Extension and Editor, Communication Centre, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru – 560 065. f) Smt Sahana S. Hegde, Deputy Director (Horticulture), Karnataka Biodiversity Board, Malleshwaram, 18th Cross, Bengaluru – 560 003. 8. Dr. A.N Sringeswara, Curator, Mahatma Gandhi Botanical Garden, GKVK, Bengaluru – 560 065 for preparation of index, photo plates & proof reading Composition of the Board The present Board has been constituted vide order No: FEE 203 ENV 2016, Bengaluru. Dated: 13.02.2017. Sl. Board Members Designation No Sri Ananth Hegde Ashisara, Chairman, Karnataka Biodiversity Board, Ground Floor, 1 th Chairman Vanavikas, 18 Cross, Malleshwaram, Bengaluru – 560 003. Sri Sandeep Dave, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary to Government, Forest, Ecology and Ex-officio 2 Environment Department, MS Building, Bengaluru – 560 001. Member Sri Vijay Kumar Gogi, IFS, Principal Secretary to Government, Forest, Ecology and Ex-officio 3 Environment Department, MS Building, Bengaluru – 560 001. Member Sri Rajender Kumar Kataria, IAS, Secretary to Government, Department of Agriculture, Ex-officio 4 MS Building – 560 001. Member Sri Punati Sridhar, IFS, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (HoFF), Aranya Bhavan, Ex-officio 5 th 18 Cross, Malleshwaram, Bengaluru – 560 003. Member Smt Meenakshi Negi, IFS, Commissioner, Department of AYUSH, Dhanvantari Road, Ex-officio 6 Ananda Rao Circle, Bengaluru – 560 009. Member Dr. C. G. Kushalappa, Dean Forestry, University of Agriculture and Horticultural Non-officio 7 Sciences (Shivamogga), College of Forestry (Ponnampet), Kunda Road, Ponnampet Member – 571 216. Dr. M. Mahadeva Murthy, Professor, Dept. of Forestry and Environmental Science, UAS, Non-officio 8 GKVK, Bengaluru – 560 065. Member Dr. Jayakara Bhandary M, Associate Professor, Dept. of Botany, Government First Grade Non-officio 9 College, Car Street, Mangaluru – 575 001. Member Prof. M. Narayana Swamy, Professor & Head, Dept. of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Non-officio 10 College, Hebbal, Bengaluru – 560 024. Member Dr. Niranjana Murthy, Professor & Scheme Head, AICRP on Potential Crops, RIOF Non-officio 11 Building, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore – 560 065. Member Smt Anita K. Arekal, IFS, Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Social 12 th Special Invitee Forestry), Aranya Bhavan, 18 Cross, Malleshwaram, Bengaluru – 560 003. Sri B.T Khanapure, Drugs Controller, Drugs Control Department Palace Road, Near 13 Special Invitee Karnataka Public Service Commission, Bengaluru – 560 001. Member Dr. Virender Singh, IFS, Member Secretary, Karnataka Biodiversity Board, Ground Floor, 14 th Secretary - Vanavikas, 18 Cross, Malleshwaram, Bengaluru – 560 003. Convener Flora of Karnataka, A Checklist Volume 2 : Gymnosperms & Angiosperms. CONTENTS Page No. 1. Gymnosperms of Karnataka – A Checklist………………… 1 - 6 M. Sanjappa 2. Angiosperms of Karnataka – A Checklist…………………. 7 - 815 M. Sanjappa & A. N. Sringeswara 3. Index………………………………………………………… 816 - 1002 Gymnosperms of Karnataka A Checklist M. Sanjappa Mahatma Gandhi Botanical Garden University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru 560 065 Support by Karnataka Biodiversity Board 1 INTRODUCTION The angiosperms and gymnosperms are together called Spermatophytes or seed bearing plants. Gymnosperms (literally means ‘naked seeds’, in Greek gymnos meaning ‘naked’ and sperma ‘seed’) are a group of seed bearing plants and are called ‘naked seeded’ plants, unlike angiosperms in which the seeds are covered or enclosed by fruits. In gymnosperms seeds are generally borne in the form of cones or rarely solitary as in Ginkgo biolba. Charecteristically the roots of some genera are known to be associated with mycorrhiza as in Pinus and in some Cycas species the specialised roots called corolloid roots have associated nitrogen fixing cynobacteria. The gymnosperms bear a variety of characteristic leaves mostly needle-like with thick cuticles, flat triangular scale-like, broad strap-shaped. The leaves of Cycads appear like palm leaves and those of Gnetum like those of dicotyledonous angiosperms. The reproductive structures are called a strobilus or a cone. The male and female cones are always distinct, either borne on the same plant or on separate plants. The gymnosperms are represented by 12 families (under 4 subclasses and 8 orders), 83 known genera with ca 1080 known species (Christenhusz, M.J.M.,Reveal, J.L., Farjon, A., Gardner, M.F., Mill, R.R. & Chase, M.W. 2011. A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19: 55–70.) distributed throughout the globe. Economically gymnosperns are very important, the conifers yield timber, resins, paper pulp, etc. and are used as raw materials in industry for producing a variety of products. Many species (of Amentotaxus, Taxus, Ginkgo, Ephedra, Pinus,