1 The Evolution of the MIA DOCTO + SCOTT WALLS Jacob Bintliff, Mariana Chavez, Daniela Peña Corvillon, Artificial Wildbird Tidal Johanna Hoffman, Katelyn Walker, UC Berkeley, LA 205 Studio Mudflat in Fukuoka, Japan Spring 2012 2 PRESENTATION CONTENT INTRODUCTION // SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS // WETLAND DESIGN // HUMAN INTERFACE // CONCLUSIONS 3 CONTEXT 4 5 6 CONTEXT BEFORE PRESENT 7 ISLAND CITY 8 9 ITERATIONS ORIGINAL WETLAND PLAN 10 ITERATIONS JAPAN STUDENT WORKSHOP 11 ITERATIONS 2008 Land Use Plan ~8.5 - 9 ha ~12 ha ~10 ha ~10 ~7 ha Setup of the central area ~8.75 ha ~38.25 ha We will establish a lively ~7 ha interactive space by inviting urban functions such as commercial and ~ 6.75 ha corporate functions, and dissemination of information on education, ~2.25 ha Wild Bird Park 3.9 ha 3.1 ha School and Amenities culture, and art. Further, public transportation Green Space facilities and facilities for 4.1 ha convenience are invited Assigned Facilities Teriha Town to improve the business Hospital ~18 ha environment in the area. Apartments 4.1+ ha Joint Independent Houses Spcialist Clinic 1.8 ha ~1.5 ha Commercial Elderly Elderly Center? Center Planned Subdivision 1.6 ha 1.2 ha Coporate (Sold) 0.9 ha Planned Use/Mixed Use Idustrial and hatches based on legend color code and denote use type Research & Development Currently Built Port Warf 1000 m UC BERKELEY LAND USE PLAN 12 ITERATIONS UC BERKELEY LAND USE PLAN 13 ITERATIONS 16 Hectare Wild Bird Park UC BERKELEY - JAPAN WETLAND DESIGN 14 DESIGN GOALS Provide natural habitat for migrating bird species with minimal maintenance required Create vibrant center for environmental education, outdoor recreation and commercial activity Turn Island City into an international birdwatching destination Establish Island City as beacon of ecological innovation INTRODUCTION 15 GUIDING PRINCIPLES Tidal Marsh Dynamics Human Engagement WILD BIRD PARK Habitat INTRODUCTION 16 PREVAILING WINDS & TIDAL CURRENTS Prevailing Wind Current Velocity SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS (Furusho, 2001) 17 TIDES IN HAKATA BAY MHHW 2.16m SEMI-DIURNAL TIDAL CYCLE Two High Tides and Two Low Tides Per Day 1.1m MTL 0.7m MLLW 0 hrs 24 hrs MHHW = Mean Higher High Water, or Average Highest Tide Elevation MTL = Mean Tide Level MLLW = Mean Lower Low Water, or Average Lowest Tide Elevation SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS Source: Port of Hakata, 2012 18 BATHYMETRY Bathymetry Elevation (from MTL) 1.5 - 2 1 - 1.5 0.5 - 1 0 - 0.5 -0.5 - 0 -1 - -0.5 -1.5 - -1 -2 - -1.5 WAJIRO MUDFLATS -2.5 - -2 LOW TIDE EXTENT -3 - -2.5 1 -3.2 - -3 0.3 0 2.4 1.1 2.1 2.6 1.2 1.5 LOW TIDE EXTENT 1.2 1 2.6 2.4 1.6 2.1 1.8 2.7 0.7 1.8 2.6 2.3 2.9 0.9 2.7 1.7 2 2.7 2.6 1.4 2.9 1.7 3 0.9 2.2 2.9 2.9 3.1 1.4 3 1 2.5 3.2 ISLAND CITY 0.2 1.2 2.9 0.6 1.4 2.7 0.2 2.8 DEPTH SOUNDINGS = METERS BELOW LOW TIDE 0 0.25 0.5 1 Kilometers SOURCE: BATHYMETRY ADOPTED FROM NGA Chart 97421, Fukuoka Wan, 1996 1.8 2.7 3.2 SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS 19 BATHYMETRY A 1 SECTION A-B SECTION 0.3 0 2.4 1.1 2.1 2.6 1.2 1.5 1.2 1 2.6 2.4 1.6 2.1 1.8 2.7 0.7 1.8 2.6 2.3 2.9 0.9 2.7 1.7 2 2.7 2.6 1.4 2.9 1.7 3 0.9 2.2 2.9 2.9 3.1 1.4 3 1 2.5 3.2 0.2 B 1.2 2.9 0.6 1.4 2.7 0.2 2.8 1.8 2.7 3.2 A SECTION A-B B MHHW (2.16m) TOP OF SEAWALL = 3m SEAWALL CONCRETE MTL (1.1m) MLLW (0.07m) BASE OF SEAWALL = -3m DEPTH SOUNDINGS = METERS BELOW LOW TIDE SOURCE: BATHYMETRY ADOPTED FROM NGA Chart 97421, Fukuoka Wan, 1996, Port of Fukuoka 0 0.25 0.5 1 Kilometers SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS 20 GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES RESPONSIBLE FOR SEDIMENTATION RATES Sediment Deposition Incoming Tide Tidal Prism High Tide Re- Suspension Low Tide Tidal Ebb + Flow Wind Driven Waves Take Home : Increasing tidal prism increases sediment deposition, naturally preventing wetland erosion. Tidal prism can be increased by widening/ enlarging a single opening. SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS 21 TIDAL MARSH EVOLUTION MODEL TARGET FORAGING HABITAT Take Home: The more wave energy a tidal wetland is exposed to, the more tidal mudflat will be sustained. SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS (Williams, 2001) 22 RED TIDE N N N N O2 N O2 N O2 O2 O2 Take Home : Design for Wild Bird Park attempts to minimize Red Tide by maximizing tidal exchange. SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS 23 BIRD GEOMETRIES BIRD HABITATS OPEN SPACE FOR RAPID PREDATOR ESCAPE OPEN VIEW FOR EARLY PREDATOR DISCOVERY High Tide Mean Tide Low Tide GRAVEL GRASSY TIDAL TIDAL MUDFLAT SUBTIDAL / DEEP LEVEE TOP UPLAND MARSH WATER Snowy Plover Year-round Feeding Roosting Nesting Dunlin Year-round Grey Heron Year-round Black-faced 100m scare distance from humans Spoonbill 200m scare distance from humans Winter Visitor Saunder’s Gull Winter Visitor Mudflats in Hakata Bay also provide habitat for the Common Shelduck, Eurasian Curlew, Great Knot, Common Greenshank, Red-necked Stint, Common Ringed Plover, Little Stint and may others. The Wild Bird Park will also attract these species and birdwatching tourists who come to see them. SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS 24 DESIGN PROCESS Choose Evaluate Evaluate Design Physical Available Options Structure Habitat Stability BIRD HABITATS OPEN SPACE FOR RAPID PREDATOR ESCAPE OPEN VIEW FOR EARLY PREDATOR DISCOVERY Our design suitability process........ High Tide Mean Tide Low Tide WETLAND DESIGN GRAVEL GRASSY TIDAL TIDAL MUDFLAT SUBTIDAL / DEEP LEVEE TOP UPLAND MARSH WATER Snowy Plover Year-round Feeding Roosting Nesting Dunlin Year-round TuftedGrey Heron Duck WinterYear-round Visitor Black-faced 100m scare distance from humans Spoonbill 200m scare distance from humans Winter Visitor Saunder’s Gull Winter Visitor 25 DESIGN PROCESS TIDE GATE? OPEN SYSTEM 26 DESIGN PROCESS TIDE GATE? OPEN SYSTEM TO ALLOW NATURAL PROCESSES TO FORM HABITAT AND MINIMIZE MAINTENANCE NEEDS 27 DESIGN PROCESS 1 OPENING? OR 2? Upland Tidal Marsh Tidal Mudat Subtidal 28 DESIGN PROCESS 1 OPENING? OR 2? Upland Tidal Marsh Tidal Mudat Subtidal 1 OPENING TO MAXIMIZE TIDAL PRISM AND NATURAL PROCESSES 29 WETLAND DESIGN: Initial Alternatives Upland Upland Tidal Marsh Tidal Marsh Tidal Mudflat Tidal Mudflat Subtidal Subtidal Closed Alternatives Ecological Zones Upland Tidal Marsh Upland Tidal MudatUpland Tidal Marsh Subtidal Tidal Marsh Tidal Mudflat Tidal Mudflat Subtidal Subtidal Open Alternatives Ecological Zones WETLAND DESIGN 30 Closed Alternatives Ecological Zones Habitat spaces Upland Tidal Marsh Tidal Mudflat Spoonbill Roosting Spoonbill Feeding Subtidal Dunlin Roosting Dunlin Feeding, Plover Feeding and Roosting Benefits Concerns Benefits Concerns Better sediment retention Smaller mudflat area Large spoonbill roosting Limited feeding Reduced tidal mixing Upland Tidal Marsh Spoonbill Roosting Tidal Mudflat Spoonbill Feeding Subtidal Dunlin Roosting Dunlin Feeding, Plover Feeding and Roosting Benefits Concerns Benefits Concerns Better sediment retention Smaller mudflat area Variety of bird habitats Limited feeding Reduced tidal mixing WETLAND DESIGN 31 Open Alternatives Ecological Zones Habitat spaces Upland Upland Tidal Marsh Tidal Marsh Tidal MudatTidal Mudflat Subtidal Subtidal Dunlin Roosting Spoonbill Feeding Dunlin Feeding, Plover Feeding and Roosting Benefits Concerns Benefits Concerns Large mudflat area Potential sediment loss Large spoonbill feeding Limited roosting Tidal Mixing Upland Spoonbill Feeding Tidal Marsh Dunlin Feeding, Plover Tidal Mudflat Feeding and Roosting Subtidal Benefits Concerns Benefits Concerns Large mudflat area Potential sediment loss Large spoonbill feeding No roosting Tidal Mixing WETLAND DESIGN 32 Initial Alternatives Key Points Upland Tidal Marsh Tidal Mudat Subtidal Open Conditions Closed Conditions Larger mudflat area Smaller mudflat area More tidal water mixing Less tidal water mixing Upland area near people Upland area away from people Larger potential sediment loss Smaller potential sediment loss Optimal Conditions Large mudflat area Small potential sediment loss Lots of tidal water mixing Upland area away from people WETLAND DESIGN 33 ANALOG PROJECT: Johnson’s Landing - Hayward, CA BERKELEY SAN FRANCISCO SAN BAY FRANCISCO JOHNSON’S SAN MATEO LANDING BRIDGE 92 PACIFIC OCEAN WETLAND DESIGN 34 ANALOG PROJECT: Johnson’s Landing - Hayward, CA • LEVEE’S BREACHED IN 1980 • ONE OF FIRST LEVEE BREACH RESTORATION PROJECTS IN SF BAY NORTH BREACH • LARGER OPENINGS THAN CONTEMPORARY SALT 16-HECTARE MARSH 250 m ISLAND CITY WILD BIRD PARK FOR SCALE • PROJECTS FOCUSED ON COMPARISON VEGETATED TIDAL MARSH AS OPPOSED TO TIDAL MUDFLAT • NO SIGNIFICANT FRESHWATER INPUT (SOME SOUTH BREACH STORM DRAIN INPUT) 100 m • SIMILAR “PERCHED” BREACH • SIMILAR TIDAL RANGE TO HAKATA BAY WETLAND DESIGN 21 TIDAL MARSH EVOLUTION MODEL TARGET FORAGING HABITAT Take Home: The more wave energy a tidal wetland is exposed to, the more tidal mudflat will be sustained. SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS (Williams, 2001) 35 ANALOG PROJECT: Johnson’s Landing - Hayward, CA VEGETATED TIDAL MARSH INTERTIDAL PREVAILING 250 m MUDFLAT WIND / WAVE DIRECTION 100 m WETLAND DESIGN 36 ANALOG PROJECT: Johnson’s Landing - Hayward, CA ORO LOMA MARSH JOHNSON’S LANDING SMALL BREACH EXAMPLE (JUST NORTH OF JOHNSON’S LANDING) PREVAILING WIND / WAVE DIRECTION 20 m SMALL BREACH MINIMIZES WAVE ENERGY, LIMITS MUDFLAT HABITAT WETLAND DESIGN 37 ANALOG PROJECT: Johnson’s Landing - Hayward, CA 10 HECTARES OF MUDFLAT ARE VEGETATED TIDAL MARSH SUSTAINED AT THE NORTH BREACH SITE NORTH BREACH INTERTIDAL MUDFLAT 250 m BREACHED LEVEE REMNANTS WETLAND DESIGN 38 ANALOG PROJECT: Johnson’s Landing - Hayward, CA VEGETATED 2 HECTARES TIDAL MARSH OF MUDFLAT ARE SUSTAINED AT THE SOUTH BREACH.