Regional Economic Communities and Peacebuilding in Africa This book outlines challenges to the effective operation of regional economic communities (RECs) with regards to peacebuilding in Africa. Critically examining these issues from an interdisciplinary perspective, with a focus on comparative analysis of the status, role, and performances of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), it examines particular constraints to their effective par- ticipation in regional initiatives. Focussing on inadequate technical capabilities, the complicity of state and non-state actors in conflicts within a region, and the domestic politics of member states, it additionally addresses related theories and practices of peacekeeping, security, development, and the peacebuilding nexus. It also engages provisioning, regionalism, and regional peacekeeping interventions, the legal and institutional framework of RECs, and civil society and peacebuild- ing. Fundamentally, the book asks how effective the alliances and partnerships are in promoting regional peace and security and how much they are compromised by the intervention of external powers and actors, exploring new ideas and actions that may strengthen capacities to address the peacebuilding challenges on the con- tinent effectively. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of African politics and studies, peace and security studies, regionalism studies, policy practitioners in the field of African peacebuilding, and more broadly to international relations. Victor Adetula is a Professor of International Relations and Development Studies at the University of Jos, Nigeria. Redie Bereketeab is an Associate Professor of Sociology at the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala, Sweden. Cyril Obi is a Program Director at the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), New York, USA. Routledge Studies in African Politics and International Relations Series Editor: Daniel C. Bach, Emile Durkheim Centre for Comparative Politics and Sociology, Sciences Po Bordeaux, France. Regionalism in Africa Genealogies, Institutions and Trans-State Networks Daniel C. Bach China’s Aid to Africa Does Friendship Really Matter? Zhangxi Cheng and Ian Taylor African Border Disorders Addressing Transnational Extremist Organizations Edited by Olivier J. Walther and William F.S. Miles Political Trust and the Politics of Security Engagement China and the European Union in Africa Benjamin Barton Human Rights and the Judicialisation of African Politics Peter Brett The Finances of Regional Organisations in the Global South Follow the Money Edited by Ulf Engel and Frank Mattheis African Foreign Policies Selecting Signifiers to Explain Agency Edited by Paul-Henri Bischoff Regional Economic Communities and Peacebuilding in Africa Lessons from ECOWAS and IGAD Edited by Victor Adetula, Redie Bereketeab and Cyril Obi Regional Economic Communities and Peacebuilding in Africa Lessons from ECOWAS and IGAD Edited by Victor Adetula, Redie Bereketeab, and Cyril Obi First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Victor Adetula, Redie Bereketeab and Cyril Obi; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Victor Adetula, Redie Bereketeab and Cyril Obi to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis .com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-367-55463-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-09369-5 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India Contents Contributors vii Preface and acknowledgements xii List of abbreviations xv 1 Introduction: Regional economic communities and peacebuilding in West Africa and the Horn of Africa 1 VICTOR ADETULA, REDIE BEREKETEAB, AND CYRIL OBI 2 Regional economic communities and peacebuilding in Africa: Analysis of legal framework and concerns for international law 20 OLUGBEMI JAIYEBO AND VICTOR ADETULA 3 Peacebuilding in Africa: Popular progressive versus neoliberal peacebuilding 35 REDIE BEREKETEAB 4 Towards a human security-centred approach to peacebuilding: ECOWAS’s experiences and lessons 55 ADEREMI AJIBEWA AND JUBRIL AGBOLADE SHITTU 5 Civil society organisations and the ECOWAS peace and security agenda: A case study of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) 68 CHUKWUEMEKA B. EZE 6 ECOWAS and the limits of peacemaking in West Africa 82 AMADU SESAY 7 ECOWAS and triangular cooperation for peacebuilding in West Africa: Challenges and prospects from the Liberian and Sierra Leonean experiences 96 KEHINDE OLUSOLA OLAYODE vi Contents 8 Nigeria’s role in the ECOWAS Peace and Security Agenda for West Africa 109 OSHITA O. OSHITA AND WARISU OYESINA ALLI 9 The IGAD–Eritrea impasse: Future prospects in light of recent developments 123 SENAI W. ANDEMARIAM 10 Lessons to be learned from IGAD’s involvement in the Sudan peace process (1993–2005) 138 NURELDIN SATTI 11 Kenya’s diplomacy and international relations within the IGAD region on matters of peace and security: Growth, development, and prospects 149 KIZITO SABALA 12 Uganda and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) 161 KASAIJA PHILLIP APUULI 13 Peacebuilding in the context of Ethiopia–IGAD relations 174 KASSAHUN BERHANU 14 The big elephant in the room: The meddling and machinations of IGAD and Ethiopia in Somalia 187 MOHAMED HAJI INGIRIIS 15 “You don’t own peace”: The coward state, South Sudan, and IGAD relations 202 JACOB D. CHOL Index 215 Contributors Editors Victor Adetula is a Professor of International Relations and Development Studies at the University of Jos-Nigeria. He was most recently the Head of Research at The Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala-Sweden (2015–2019), and previously a Claude Ake Visiting Professor in the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, University of Uppsala, Sweden (2013), a Professor & Head of Africa and Regional Integration Unit at the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Lagos (2012), and a Nelson Mandela Visiting Professor of African Studies at the Centre for International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi (2011). His current research areas include comparative regional integration systems, Europe–Africa relations, Africa’s international relations, and peace and conflict. Redie Bereketeab, PhD, is an associate professor of sociology. His publica- tions have appeared in Routledge, Palgrave Macmillan, James Currey, Pluto Press, Red Sea Press, Adonis and Abbey, African Studies, the African Studies Review, African and Asian Studies, Studies of Ethnicity and Nationalism, the African Journal of International Affairs, and the South African Journal of International Affairs. His recent publications include Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Postcolonial State (Routledge, 2016), National Liberation Movements as Government in Africa (Routledge, 2019), Alternatives to Neoliberal Peacebuilding and Statebuilding in Africa (Routledge, 2020), “State Legitimacy and Government Performance in the Horn of Africa” (African Studies, 2020), and “Education as an Instrument of Nation-Building in Post-Colonial Africa” (Studies of Ethnicity and Nationalism, 2020). His research interests include political sociology, development sociology, African studies, state-building, nation-building, identity, nationalism, conflict, peace- building, and development. Cyril Obi, PhD, is currently a program director at the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), New York. He leads the African Peacebuilding Network (APN) and Next Generation Social Sciences in Africa (Next Gen) programs at the SSRC. In 2004, Dr Obi was awarded the Claude Ake Visiting Chair viii Contributors at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research (DPCR) at the University of Uppsala, Sweden. From 2005 to 2011, he was a senior researcher and led the research cluster on “Conflict, Displacement and Transformation” at the Nordic Africa Institute (NAI) in Uppsala. Dr Obi is currently a research asso- ciate of the Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa. He was a visiting scholar to the Institute of African Studies (IAS), Columbia University; and an adjunct professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY). He is well-published in the fields of Africa’s political economy, environmental politics, conflict, peace, and secu- rity. He recently received the 2020 Distinguished Scholar Award in recog- nition of his work by the Peace Studies Section of the International Studies Association (ISA). Contributors Aderemi Ajibewa is the Director of Political Affairs at the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS). He holds a PhD in Politics and International Relations from the University of