THIRTY YE~EACE. A.D. 1815-1846. By HARRIET MARTINEAU. IN FOiJB VOLUMES. VOL. IV. (FRoM 1831-i846.) LONDON: GEORGE :BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1878. LONDON: PRTNTED BY WILLIAM OLOWES AND SONS, S'U.• FORD STB.KET AND CHARINQ CROSS. /.60 ~ CONTENTS. - BOOK V.-(Oontinued). CHAPTER XV. PAGB Criminal Law Commission-Redriction· of the Punishment of Death-Resnlts of the Commi88ion-Infants' Custody Bill­ Lord Brongham on the Position of Wives-Division in the Lords-Bill of 1839 made Law-Post-office System-Rowland Hill-His Foots-His Proposal-History of the Movement-- The Reform made Law-Immediate Results-Further Results.. '1~ CHAPTER XVI. Privilege of Parliament--State.of the Cas&-The Sheriffs-The Hou_The Court of Qu4en's Bench-Bill of.Ene.ctment­ Unsdisfactory Concll:!Jion~Imbecility of the Administration­ Queen's Speech-Finance-ust Resort--The Budget--Fixed Com Dnty proposed-Defeat on the Sugar Duties-Vote of Want of Confidena&-Diaaolution of Parliament .. •• 21 CHAPTER XVIL The Queeu at Gnildhall-The Coronation-Her Marriag&-Birth of Heir to the Throne-State of the Peopl&-Crim&-Timea Testimonial-Game Laws-Lord Suffield - Opium-eating­ Church-building and Bishoprios-Relif,lious Intoleranc&-Grace Darling-Agricultural Aasoci..tions-Iudia Cotton-Niger Ex­ pedition-' President ~ Steamer-Royal Exohange bumt-Other Fires-Balloons-Thames Conservancy-The Eglinton Tourna­ ruent--Mummy Inquest--Trial of a Peer-Suicides from the }Ionument - India Mails-Acarus Crossii - Deaths - Men of Science-Traveller&-Oouri Personages-Wealthy Personages­ Politicians-Religious Philanthropists-Mnsicians-Arcbitects -Artists-Aotors-Men of Letters- Orientalists-Autbors- Light Literat~HistoriaD&-Philosophers . .. 33 ri CONTENTS. BOOK VI. FROM THE GENERAL ELECTION, 1841, TO THE! REPEAL OF THE CORN LAW8. CHAPTER I. PA.G. General Election - New Parliament - Queen's Speech - The Address amended-Queen's Household changed-Resignation of Ministers ., ." .. .. .. .. .. ., 81 CHAPTER II. New Administration-Lord Aberdeen-Sir James Graham-Lord Stanley-Lord Wharncillfe-l'dr. Gladstone-First Nights in Parliament--Prorogation.. .. •• _. .. .• 8~' CHAPTER ur. Policy of China.--State of' China-The Opium Questiorr-British Superintendents-Lord Napier-Political Relations in Abeyance -Opium Traffic prohibited-Negligence at Home-QrisTs­ War - Chnsan tsken-'-Negotiation-Warllll'e-Captain Elliot superseded-Sir Henry Pottinger-Capture of Ningpo-Treaty of Peeoe-Govel1!0r-general sent to China-Opium Oompensa- tion-Sir Henry Pottinger's Testimony.. .. .. .. 96 CHAPTER IV. India-Troubles-North·west Frontier-Fear of Russia-Designs of Persia.--Rulers of Afghanistll.l1-British Agency at Cabool­ Herat-Explanations of Russia.--Lord Auckland's Declaration of War against Afghanistan-Afghll.l1 Princes-Scheme of Alliance-Ameers of Sinde-Invasion of Afghanistan-The Bolan Pass-Ghiznee-Settlement at Cabool-Khivs-Troubles of the British- Portents-The PunjRllb-R8('all of Lord Aucklll.l1d-Lord Ellenborough-The British at Cabool-Rising at Cabool-Murder of the Envoy-Retreat of tbe British-Lady Sale-General Sale-Relief from India-Murder of Shah Soojah -Evacuation of Afghanistan-Lord Ellenborough's Proclama­ tion-Recall of Lord Ellenborough-Sir Henry Hardinge, Governor-general-Sinde in 1842-Battle of Meanee-Gwalior -Wyburd, Stoddart, and Conolly-Bomeo-James Brooke- Lahuan oeded to Great Britain .. .... .. 117 CONTENTS. vii CHAPTER V. Condition and Fate of Parti_The Dim--Rim&-Rebecca and ."'6. her Children-Commiaaion of IDqully-South Walea Turnpike Act-The Coun-Alarma-Hurder of Mr. Drummond .. .. 148 CHAPTER VI. Openln~ of the 8eulon or 1842 - SooeuiOll of the Duke of Buckingham-The Queen'. Speech-The CAm Question-The Hinieteriel Scheme-Com Bill of J842-Ite Reeeption-Bill beoomea Law - Financial Statement - Financial Soheme­ Income T8J:-New Tariff-Passage of the Bill-Sugar Duties -Domestic View-The Anti-Slavery View-POOJ'-Jaw Renewal Aot-Law of Literary Property-Petitioos for an Extension of Copyright-Propoaed Billa-Copyright Law of 1842-Eleotion CompromiMI- Hr. Roebuck-Stewardship or the Chiltem Hundreds - Prooeedingt ill the Hones - Charaoter of the Seuion •• 168 CHAPTER VII. Legislation (or the Working-oiaeaes-Lord Howick's Distress Hotlon-Lord Ashley-Hines and Collieries Act-Gol'8roment Factory Bill-Education Clause_Education Cla1l88ll with· drawn-Vacillation about the New Bill-Decision against the Ten-hour Clause - Debate on Colonisation _ Earlyocloaing Movemeot-Caae of Governess_Improvement of Dwellingt •• 202 CHAPTER VllI. Movements in Irelaud-O'Connell's Proceeding&-' Monster Meet­ ingt'-Arbitration Court..-Anti-rent Movement-Irish Arms Aot-OJonterf Heeting-Arrest of Repeal Leaders-The Trials -The Verdict-The Benten~Appea1 to the Lorda--Judg­ ment reversed-Demonstrations-O'Connell 81 a Landlord­ His Decline and Death-Industrial Improvemeots-Chmtable Bequests Act-Penal Aots Repeal-Viceroyalty discuased­ Endowment of Catholio Clergy- Haynooth Grant-New Colleg_The Devon ColDIDission-Coercion Bill-Bill lost- Threatenings of Famine •• •• •• .• .. •. 219 CHAPTER IX. Church Patr-onage In Scotland-The Veto Law-The Auchterarder Case-The Strathbogie Case-Poaition of the Church Party-. Lord Aberdeen'. Bill-The General ABBembly-Ita Hemorial­ Reply of Government-Quoad Bacm Ministers-Petition of the Aesembly-Failure--Preparations for Seceaaion-The SeceBBioD ~unter ProoeedingB-:-Act of Separation-Spirit of the Hove- viii CONTENTS. PAGI: ment-The Religious World in England-Troublf(l! in the Chureh-Oxford-Tractarian Secession-Death of Dr. Arnold -Death of Sydney Smith-Augmentation of Clergy-Colonial Bishoprics-Consolidation of Sees-Strn/!'gles of Government and Church-Dissenters' Chapels Bill-Relief to Jews.. .. 251 CHAPTER X. Canada Corn Question-Confusion of Parties-Passage of the Bill -Com-law Debates-Richard Cobden-The League-London Election-Anecdotes-Leagne Registration - Freehold Land Scheme:-Tb.e Game Laws .. .. .... .. 285 CHAPTER XI. Finaneis.l Statements of 1843. I8H-Sugar Duties-Mr. Miles's Motion-Crisis of Parties-Reduction of the 3l per Cents.-Bauk Act of I8H-Railway Extension-Railway Legislation-De­ livery ofPlans-Gauge Question-Poor-law Amendments-Post-· office Espionage-Alien Act .. 308 CHAPTER XII. Antagonism in Europe-Russia-The Caucasus-Servia-Cracow -Russian Jews-The Czar and Pope Gregory XVI.-Portugal and Spain - Switzerland - Hanover - Sweden - Turkey and Egypt-Route to India-France-War Spirit-Right of Search -Ueath of the Duke of Orleans-Royal Visits-Tahiti-Spanish . Question-Death of the Duke d'Angoulilme-Boulogne In­ vasion-Napoleon'S Remains-Algeria-M. Guizot in 1842- American Rellftions-The Frontier-Right of Search-" 'l'he Creole' -' Repeal' Sympathy - , Repudiation' - Texas and .. Mexico-Boundary Question-Oregon Question.. •. 333 CHAPTER XIII. India-Sikh Invasion-The Sandwich Islands-Van Diemen's Land-South Australia-New Zealand-Canada-Compensa­ tion Question-Fires at Quebec-St. John's-Hamburg- Smyrna-New York .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 368 CHAPTER XIV. The Com Question-Mr. Gladstone's Retirement-Financial State­ ment-Agricultural Interests-Portents-Bad Weather-The potato Rot-The League-More Portents-Lord John Russell's Letter-Cabinet Councils-Announcement of the Tilllea-Resig­ nation of Ministeril-Negotiation with Lord John Russell-Re­ turn of Sir Robert Peel to Power-Death of Lord Whamcliffe- Sir Robert Peel's Position .. .. 380 CONTENTS. ix CHAPTER XV. P.A.OB Opening oC the Semon - Fnrther Remission of Dllties - The Revenue prosperous-The Corn Duties-Relief to Farm~rs­ The I6Jlu&-Tae Minister-Nature of the Reform-Dissolution of the Leagu&-Iriah Life Bill-Resi,."IlaUon oC MiniaterH-The retiring Minister •. 402 CHAPTER XVI. Deatha-Boyal-OC StatelJlllen and Warriors-Of Artists-Men of Scienoe-Literary Men-Other Benefaew-Living :Benefactors - George Stephenson-Barry - Maoready- Turner - Words­ worth-Joanna Bailli&-Rogera-Albed Tennyson-Wilson­ -J~ft"rey-Thomas Me.caulay-Lsndor-Hallam-Cerlyl&­ Maria Edgeworth- BulweJ" - Dickens -Punca-Herscae1- F..raday .. •• •• •. •• •. •. .. 411 CHAPTER XVII. National Advancement-Electrio Telegraph-Sun-painting-Lord Bosse's Telescope - The Thames Tullnel-British Scientific .Association - Geology - Medicine - Sanitary Improvement­ Agricultural .Aesociationa-Prisona and Criminal Law-Extinc­ tion of Slavery-EdUCAtion-Popular Musi(}-Popu1ar Art­ The Edueator - Method. of Charity - Duelling -:Political . Morality - What remains - The Labour Question .. •• 441 APPENDIX. LJ8T8 OP C.f.IIllIET MUIISTEBS, P1WB 1814 1'$ 1846 •. (151 •• 465 APPENDIX. ~Bmn MIJIIB'l'BB8.· 1814. 1815. Ftm T,ord of tbo Treasury Eari of U verpool • Lord P,..tdenl of !.be Councll. Earl of Harrowby Lonl Hlgb Chancellor • J,ord Eldon • • • Lord Prlvylleol. • • • • Earl of W ..tmoreland Chancellor of !.be Excbequer • Nlcbolao Vansittan • Flm Lonl of !.be Admiralty • Vi8count Melville Mas&er-general of 'be Ordnance. • Earl Mulgrave • • lieo ..taryofS",_Home Depanment Viscount Sidmoutll:" • " •• Foreign Affaire • Vleoounl Caatlereagb I , I • War and Colonies Earl &tbnret • • • Prelddem of BoanI of Control. • • Earl Bncklngbamoblre Chanoellor of lbe Duchy of Laocaslor M.. 1er oUbe lIIln& • • • • i-~w~o~~ 1816. Firat Lord of Ibe Treasury • Karl of Liverpool. J,ord Preeldent of lbe Counell • Earl of Harrowby Lonl Hlgb Chancellor. • • LordEldon •• Lord PrIvy Seal. • • • • Earl of Westmoreland Chancellor of the Exchequer • Nicbolaa Vansittart. • Flnl Lord of lb. Admiralty • Vt.connlllleivill. Master-general of the Ordnance. • Earlll4ulgrave • 6ecre\aryofS~Home Departmenl Viscount Sidmonth ••