Solutions to Climate Change Challenges in the Built Environment Edited by Colin A. Booth Reader, Built Environment School of Technology University of Wolverhampton Felix N. Hammond Senior Lecturer, Built Environment School of Technology University of Wolverhampton Jessica E. Lamond Senior Research Fellow, Construction and Property Faculty of Environment and Technology University of the West of England & David G. Proverbs Professor and Head of Department, Construction and Property Faculty of Environment and Technology University of the West of England A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Booth_ffirs.indd i 11/26/2011 7:24:03 PM This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing programme has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, United Kingdom 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Solutions for climate change challenges in the built environment / edited by Colin Booth ... [et al.]. p. cm. – (Innovation in the built environment) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-9507-2 (hardback) 1. Sustainable construction. 2. Sustainable development. 3. Cities and towns–Environmental aspects. 4. Environmental protection. 5. Climatic changes–Prevention. I. Booth, Colin (Colin A.) TH880.S655 2012 720′.47–dc23 2011035050 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Set in 10/12pt Sabon by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2012 Booth_ffirs.indd ii 11/26/2011 7:24:04 PM Series advisors Carolyn Hayles, Queen’s University, Belfast Richard Kirkham, University of Manchester Andrew Knight, Nottingham Trent University Stephen Pryke, University College London Steve Rowlinson, University of Hong Kong Derek Thomson, Loughborough University Sara Wilkinson, Deakin University Innovation in the Built Environment (IBE) is a new book series for the construction industry published jointly by the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors and Wiley- Blackwell. It addresses issues of current research and practitioner relevance and takes an international perspective, drawing from research applications and case studies worldwide. ■ Presents the latest thinking on the processes that influence the design, construc- tion and management of the built environment ■ Based on strong theoretical concepts and draws on both established techniques for analysing the processes that shape the built environment – and on those from other disciplines ■ Embraces a comparative approach, allowing best practice to be put forward ■ Demonstrates the contribution that effective management of built environment processes can make Published and forthcoming books in the IBE series Senaratne & Sexton, Managing Change in Construction Projects: A Knowledge- Based Approach Lu & Sexton, Innovation in Small Professional Practices in the Built Environment Pryke, Construction Supply Chain Management: Concepts and Case Studies Kirkham, Whole Life-Cycle Costing Booth, Hammond, Lamond & Proverbs, Solutions for Climate Change Challenges in the Built Environment Roper & Borello, Facility Management: International Perspectives, Best Practice and Case Studies We welcome proposals for new, high-quality, research-based books which are academically rigorous and informed by the latest thinking; please contact Madeleine Metcalfe. Madeleine Metcalfe Senior Commissioning Editor Construction Wiley-Blackwell 9600 Garsington Road Oxford OX4 2DQ [email protected] Innovation in the Built Environment Booth_ffirs.indd iii 11/26/2011 7:24:04 PM This book is dedicated to those future generations who will experience the realities of climate change, in particular: Esmée Annabelle, Christabel, Ethan and Nathan Francesca and William Charlotte and Ella Booth_ffirs.indd v 11/26/2011 7:24:05 PM Contents Contributors xiii Chapter Introductory Insights to Climate Change Challenges ϭ Felix N. Hammond, Colin A. Booth, Jessica E. Lamond and David G. Proverbs 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Climate Change Theory 2 1.3 The Controversy and Context 5 1.4 Organisation of the Book 8 Chapter Climate Change: Nature and Emerging Trends ϭϭ Mark McCarthy 2.1 Introduction to the Climate System and Changes to the Radiative Forcing 11 2.2 Emerging Trends (Global) 13 2.3 Emerging Trends (UK) 17 2.4 Climate Trends and the Built Environment 19 2.5 Solutions 20 Chapter Regional Implications Ϯϯ Ana Lopez 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Climate Modelling 23 3.3 Projections of Future Climate Change 27 3.4 Solutions to the Challenges of Interpreting Climate Change Projections for the Characterisation of Climatic Risks 30 Chapter Urbanization and Climate Change 33 Felix N. Hammond, Kwasi Baffour Awuah Gyau and Stanislaus Y. Adiaba 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 State of the World’s Urbanization 33 4.3 Impact of Urbanization on Climate Change 35 4.4 How Does Urbanization Affect Climate Change? 36 4.5 Solutions for Change 39 4.6 Conclusion 41 Booth_ftoc.indd vii 11/26/2011 7:24:53 PM viii Contents Chapter Global Political Initiatives and Overtones ϰϱ Jean-Luc Salagnac 5.1 Introduction 45 5.2 Climate and the Built Environment 45 5.3 Background to Political Initiatives 47 5.4 Mitigation and Adaptation Policies 50 5.5 Solutions to Climate Change Challenges for the Built Environment 53 Chapter Green Economics Dialogue and the Built Environment Miriam Kennet 6.1 Introduction 57 6.2 Examples of Unsustainable Building Practices 59 6.3 The Choices We Face 62 6.4 Green Projects in Action 68 6.5 Conclusions 72 Chapter Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment ϳϱ Joseph Somevi 7.1 Introduction 75 7.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment 76 7.3 Contributions of SEA to Climate Change Solutions 77 7.4 Concluding Remarks 84 Chapter Methods for Valuing Preferences for Environmental and Natural Resources: An Overview ϴϳ Jessica E. Lamond and Ian Bateman 8.1 Introduction 87 8.2 Monetary Evaluation of Environmental Preferences: Theory 89 8.3 Methods for Monetary Evaluation of Environmental Preferences 91 8.4 Solutions to Valuation of Environmental and Natural Resources 95 Chapter Ecological Value of Urban Environments ϵϵ Ian C. Trueman and Christopher H. Young 9.1 Introduction 99 9.2 Ecological Value 100 9.3 Urban Habitats 101 9.4 Landscape Scales and Urban Areas 106 9.5 Ecological Implications of Climate Change 107 9.6 Implications of Climate Change for Urban Ecology 108 9.7 Solutions to Climate Change Challenges for the Built Environment 108 Booth_ftoc.indd viii 11/26/2011 7:24:53 PM Contents ix Chapter The Pedological Value of Urban Landscapes ϭϭϯ Jim Webb, Michael A. Fullen and Winfried E.H. Blum 10.1 Introduction 113 10.2 Urban Soils: The ‘Grey Areas’ on Soil Maps 113 10.3 Policy Responses for Urban Soils 119 Chapter Insights and Perceptions of Sustainable Design and Construction ϭϮϳ David W. Beddoes and Colin A. Booth 11.1 Introduction 127 11.2 Sustainable Construction 128 11.3 Drivers for Sustainable Construction 130 11.4 Rethinking Construction 135 11.5 Thoughts for Change 137 11.6 Concluding Remarks 138 Chapter Progress in Eco and Resilient Construction Materials Development ϭϰϭ Jamal M. Khatib 12.1 Introduction 141 12.2 Concrete 142 12.3 Brick and Masonry 144 12.4 Glass 145 12.5 Timber and Bamboo 145 12.6 Steel 146 12.7 Polymer-based Materials 147 12.8 Nanotechnology 148 12.9 Future Trends 149 Chapter Energy Efficiency: Alternative Routes to Mitigation ϭϱϯ David Coley 13.1 Introduction 153 13.2 Energy Efficiency 153 13.3 Carbon Sequestration and Climate Engineering 155 13.4 A Sustainable, Low-Carbon Future? 157 13.5 Solutions: Abatement Costs 161 Chapter The Benefits of Green Infrastructure in Towns and Cities 6 Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth 14.1 Introduction 163 14.2 Integrating Vegetation into the Built Environment 163 14.3 Intercepting Rainfall and Reducing Flood Risk 167 14.4 Enhancing Urban Biodiversity 168 14.5 Limiting the Overheating of Buildings 169 14.6 Improving Human Health and Wellbeing 171 14.7 Sequestering Carbon to Offset CO2 Emissions 172 Booth_ftoc.indd ix 11/26/2011 7:24:54 PM x Contents 14.8 ‘Green Infrastructure’ Solutions for Climate Change Challenges 173 14.9 Conclusions 176 Chapter Particulate-Induced Soiling on Historic Limestone Buildings: Insights and the Effects of Climate Change 8 David E.