THE UKRAWIAN QUARTERLY Two UKRAINESFACING THE UNITEDNATIONS . Editorial UKRAINEAND THE WORLDCRISIS . Clarence A. Manning SKOVORODA,THE SEEKEROF THE GENUINE MAN- -Constantin H. Andrusyslzen INDEPENDENTUKRAINE: FICTION OR REALITY . Walter Dushnyck A UKRAINIANPLAN FOR THE ORGANIZATIONOF EUROPE ONEHUNDRED YEARS AGO . Nicholas D. Crubatyj APPEASEMENTOF THE USSR AND THE RIGHTSOF SMALLNATIONS ............Floyd A. Cane JOHNDEWEY'S LIFE-WORK VIEWED BY A FOREIGNOBSERVER .......Volodymyr Berushko RUSSIAAND THE UKRAINIANNATIONAL REVOLUTION191 7 .......... Walter Dushnyck COMMITTEEFOR THE AID OF REFUGEEUKRAINIAN SCHOLARS BOOKREVIEWS-UCRAINICA IN AMERICAN AND BRITISHPERIODICALS Published by UKRAINIANCONGRESS COMMI~EE OF AMERICA Edited by EDITORIALBOARD Editor-in-chief, NICHOLASD. CZUBATYJ Associate Editor, STEPHENSHUMEYKO Published by UKRAINIANCONGRESS COMMITTEE OF AMERICA with the support of contributions of .Americans of Ukrainian descent CONTENTS PAGE Two Ukraines Facing the United Nations . 305 Editorial Ukraine and the World Crisis ............ 310 Prof. Clarence A. Manning Skovoroda, the Seeker of the Genuine Man . 317 Prof. Constantine H. Andrusyshen Independent Ukraine: Fiction or Reality ........331 Walter Dushnyck A Ukrainian Plan for the Organization of Europe One Hundred Years Ago .............339 Nicholas D. Czubatyj Appeasement of the USSR and the Rights of Small Nations . 348 Prof. Floyd A. Cane John Dewey's Life-Work Viewed by a Foreign Observer . 359 Volodymyr Bezushko Russia and the Ukrainian National Revolution 1917 . 363 Walter Dushnyck . Committee for the Aid of Refugee Ukrainian Scholars . 376 BOOK REVIEWS The War and Ukrainian Democracy, by N. Hryhoriiv ...379 Nicholas D. Czubatyj Martyrdom in Ukraine, by Walter Dushnyck . 380 Roman Olesnicki Ukraine-between Poland and Russia, by Nicholas D. Czubatyj 381 Michael J. Nagurney Peace Atlas of Europe, by Samuel Van Valkenburg . 382 Nicholas D. Czubatyj Poland's Rights to Justice, by Andrew J. Krzesinsky . 384 Walter Dushnyck Animal Farm, by George Orwell ..........385 Roman Olesnicki Ucrainica in American and British Periodicals ...... 388 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS NUMBER CLARENCEA. MANNING,PH.D., Professor at Columbia University, De- partment of East European Languages. Specialist in Russian and Ukrainian Literatures. Author of "Ukrainian Literature" and others. Translator from Ukrainian. CONSTANTINEH. ANDRUSYSHEN,PH.D., Professor of Slav Languages at the Saskatchewan University, Canada. WALTERDUSHNYCK, born in the Western Ukraine, is a graduate of the Universities of Louvain and of Columbia, and has done extensive work in the history of Eastern and Central Europe. Mr. Duchnyck served with the U.S. Armed Forces in Saipan, the Philippines, Oki- nawa and Japan. The last five months of his service he spent as interpreter on General MacArthur's Staff. NICHOLASD. CZUBATYJ,Historian, former Professor of Greek Catholic Theological Academy in Lviv, Western Ukraine, Author of several historical works, Editor of "The Ukrainian Quarterly," Contributor to American journals. FLOYDA. CANE,PH.D., Professor of History at San Francisco State Col- lege. VOLODYMYRBEZUSHKO, PH.D., former Professor of Philosophy in West- ern Ukraine, author of William Shakespeare-a Republican?, now 'D.P. in Germany. TWO UKRAINES FACING THE UNITED NATIONS Editorial OW only has it been revealed how during the Yalta Conference N Stalin, discussing the votes in the United Nations, requested that the Soviets be given two additional votes, one for Ukraine and one for White Russia. It was, he added, only fair and just, because these repub- lics are in realitjl independent states. But when the late President Roosevelt replied that by the same criterion the United States should have forty-eight votes, the master of the Kremlin retorted that both of them, and'especially Ukraine, suffered tremendous losses in the war against Germany. He further explained that for "internal reasons" those two republics should have membership in the new international organization. Thus convinced by Stalin's argument, the late President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to his demands, and as a result Ukraine and White Russia were admitted to the San Francisco Conference as equal and independent states. To represent Ukraine Stalin sent Dmitri Z. Manuilsky, an old agent of the Comintern. This was the same Manuilsky who in 1918 came to Kiev as an official peace envoy of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic to seek peace from the Ukrainian National Government. This was the reward of the Ukrain- ian people for their fight against the German invaders: membership in the United Nations with Dmitri Z. Manuilsky as their representative. Paradoxically, the admission of Ukraine to the United Nations was cheerfully greeted even by those Ukrainian nationalists who fought and still are fighting the Russian domination of Ukraine. By pushing Ukraine into the United Nations Stalin wanted not only to increase his voting power in this international organization, but also to use the supposedly independent republics of Ukraine and White Russia as his propaganda instruments. Manuilsky's incessant attacks upon Greece, British colonial dependencies in the Middle East and upon the entire British Empire, are now more than ever recognized as Stalin's tactics to weaken and divide the Western powers. Yet despite all this the Ukrainian nationalists have approved 305 306 The Ukrainian Quarterly Ukraine's admission to the United Nations. For the first time the Ukrainian people have been recognized in principle as a nation in the light of international law. Though there is no Ukrainian in the world outside the Communist quislings who would recognize Dmitri Manu- ilsky as a representative of Ukraine, everyone considers Ukraine's membership in the United Nations as a positive and advantageous fact from the Ukrainian point of view. In the past the Ukrainians have had to fight for recognition as an independent nation; today they want to replace Moscow's emissary Manuilsky with a genuine representative of the Ukrainian people. FYe have, therefore, now two Ukraines: one is the real Ukraine, the country of several million Ukrainians, a democratic and peace-lov- ing Ukraine, spiritually a part of the West and its civilization. This Ukraine is being hunted and persecuted by Moscow, its cultural and religious life is being brutally suppressed. It is represented by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, by its imprisoned Ukrainian Catholic Metropolitan and its Bishops, and hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian patriots who are now forced by political reasons to live in numerous DP camps in Western Europe. This Ukraine has no official representa- tive in the United Nations, at the Paris Peace Conference or in any other international organization. The second Ukraine, is Stalin's Ukraine, represented by Dmitri Manuilsky, an agent of the Comintern and a determined enemy of the Ukrainian people, known as an extreme international troublemaker. It is now high time that this fictitious Ukraine be exposed and a true picture of the situation be presented to those who seek the establish- ment of a lasting peace. Purges in Ukraine The press the world over is reporting lately the vast and all-em- bracing purges now taking place in Ukraine. The Communist Party of Ukraine, administrative personnel, literary and scientific organiza- tions, collective farms and industry have undergone thorough purges. The Stalin government has decided to purge all phases of Ukrainian life. All Ukrainians, who are attached to their past and history and who understood that Ukraine as a nation is separate from Russia and spiritually connected with Western civilization, have had to be removed from their posts. In this "ind,ependentH Ukraine the master of the Kremlin, through his all-powerful NKVD, persecutes thousands of Two Ukraines Facing the United Nations 307 Ukrainians not because they are guilty of revolutionary acts against the Soviet Union, but they are being liquidated simply because they are Ukrainians and love their way of life which is quite opposed to that of the Russian people. It is not an easy task to be admitted to the Communist Party in Ukraine. All those who have been previously admitted, have had to be politically "pure" and without a shadow of suspicion. And yet the revelation made by Nikita Khruschev, Secretary of the Communist Party in Ukraine and its Premier, about the "mass replacement of the Party's personnel" in Ukraine, must astonish even those who were or ' still are apologists for Soviet politics. Khruschev revealed that in the course of the last year and a half, he has had to dismiss two-thirds of the heads of the regional Soviets. In some districts, such as Sumy (Eastern Ukraine) 91 41,, in Nikolaev , and Rivno districts 83% of all personnel had to be removed. Over 38y0 of all regional secretaries of the Communist Party have also been replaced. Furthermore, Premier Khruschev asserted that the Commun- ist Party of Ukraine, of which he is general secretary, failed to "organize widespread criticism of hostile bourgeois Ukrainian nationalism" and as a result "there have been ideological mistakes and distortions." Khruschev declared.that new schools will be organized which will train the Ukrainian youth in the "principles of Bolshevik theory." It must be added that since 1920 the Soviets have been trying to 'train'' the Ukrainians in "Bolshevik theoryw-periodical purges do not help. It is evident that Moscow's intention is to eliminate all Ukrainians from key positions and replace