GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW VOLUME 4, ISSUE 1 FALL 2019 GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW LETTER FROM THE EDITORS Dear Reader: Thank you for picking up the first issue of Volume 4 of the Georgetown Law Technology Review (GLTR). Over the past four years, GLTR has established itself as one of the premier technology law journals in the country, and this issue represents our continuing development in two ways. First, we are extremely excited about the articles featured in this issue. In Online Manipulation: Hidden Influences in a Digital World, Daniel Susser, Beate Roessler, and Helen Nissenbaum wrestle with the definition of online manipulation and how to distinguish that harmful practice from other forms of influence. We think that this article will be essential reading for those debating platform regulation and thinking about the future of information technology. Then, in The Global Last Mile Solution: High-Altitude Broadband Infrastructure by Snezhana Stadnik Tapia and Health Data at Your Fingertips: Federal Regulatory Proposals for Consumer-Generated Mobile Health Data by Jianyan Fang, the issue confronts current topics in technology policy. Both articles offer unique solutions to difficult problems. Second, we are proud to present the top-three papers submitted to GLTR’s First Annual Writing Competition. This year’s topic invited writers to consider law and policy questions related to artificial intelligence, machine learning, the use of data analytics, or algorithmic decision-making. We received over fifty submissions. Congratulations to Lauren Renaud for winning the competition with her piece, Will You Believe It When You See It? How and Why the Press Should Prepare for Deepfakes. Thanks to our sponsors at the BSA Foundation for helping to make this competition a reality. In addition to these major developments, we are also pleased to present two Notes in this issue, both of which have been written by Georgetown University Law Center students and both of which concern free speech in the contemporary public squares provided by large tech platforms. These authors confront issues that have been at the forefront of technology law and policy, and we hope that you enjoy their contributions. Last but certainly not least, we have included a selection of Technology Explainers for your reference. We hope that you find these short pieces helpful in understanding the technology of the moment. Sincerely, The Editorial Board Fall 2019 ii GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW Vol. 4.1 GENERAL INFORMATION Subscriptions: The Georgetown Law Technology Review is primarily an online law review, and as such, GLTR encourages you to visit its website at https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/. There, you can find information about how to order print-on-demand copies of this and other issues of GLTR. You may also download GLTR’s material free of charge at that address. Publication Timeline: As an online law review, GLTR publishes articles throughout the year to its website. Twice per year—once in the winter and once in the summer—the journal collects these articles into an issue for print publication. Upon compilation of each print issue, GLTR will post information concerning the purchase of print issues. Submissions: GLTR accepts unsolicited materials through multiple submissions platforms as well as the email address [email protected]. The most current submissions guidelines can be found on GLTR’s website. Copyright: All contents of this publication are copyrighted by the Georgetown Law Technology Review (GLTR) except where otherwise expressly indicated. For all pieces copyrighted by GLTR, GLTR permits copies to be made for classroom use as long as proper citations are provided and notification of use is given to GLTR by emailing gltr- [email protected]. For those pieces where another copyright holder has been expressly indicated, classroom use is likewise permitted provided that proper citations are used and the identified copyright holder is notified. Contact: GLTR may be contacted by emailing [email protected]. 2019 GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW iii ADVISORY BOARD Julie Cohen MARK CLASTER MAMOLEN PROFESSOR OF LAW AND TECHNOLOGY GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER Alexandra Reeve Givens EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGY LAW AND POLICY GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER Paul Ohm ASSOCIATE DEAN FOR ACADEMIC AFFAIRS, PROFESSOROF LAW GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER Tanina Rostain PROFESSOR OF LAW GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER iv GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW Vol. 4.1 EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Joshua Banker MANAGING EDITOR MANAGING EDITOR Harsimar Dhanoa Laura Hillsman SENIOR ARTICLES SENIOR SOLICITATIONS SENIOR NOTES EDITOR EDITOR EDITOR Aaron Scheinman Sarah Koslov Sherlyn Abdullah SENIOR SENIOR SENIOR CASE COMMENTS TECHNOLOGY LEGAL NEWS EDITOR EXPLAINERS EDITOR EDITOR Michael Rose Rachel Wehr Temesgen Woldezion DIRECTOR DIRECTOR DIRECTOR OF OF OF DEVELOPMENT OUTREACH TECHNOLOGY Nolan Fargo Alexandra Coyle Avi Ginsberg ASSISTANT EDITORS John Black Adam Gerchick Alex Rhim Jeffrey Brown Shreya Kundur Leetal Weiss Raymond Coscia Kelly McCluer Eric Westerhold Jake DeBacher Alex Nealon Ryan Whittington Allison Elkman Daniel Passon Christina Wing Peter Pyatigorsky 2019 GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW v STAFF Ryan Abercrombie Tyler Kaufman Niki Arakelian Gabriel Khoury Joseph Baillargeon Gabriela Larralde Daniel Barabander Kristen Logan Zev Beeber Ladan Mohaddes Richard Bernache Jessica Monsell Evan Burroughs Michelle Mount Joseph Cahill Florence Noorinejad Daniel Carlen Jenevieve Nutovits Jordan Cohen Sofia Panero Caitlyn Cook Josh Pereira Laura Cummings Sam Pickerill Drew Diedrich Molly Rosen Andrew Do Jay Schuffenhauer Joseph Ehrenrkrantz David Seidman Corey Fitzpatrick Shelby Smith Nicole Fulk Kendall Spencer Tyler Gerstein Lyle Stewart Andres Gonzalez Priyanka Surapaneni Clinton Greub Haris Vrahliotis Brittany N. Griffin Yangbeini Wang Rebecca Iafrati Mary Weaver Samuel Hanks Ruiqiao Wen Grace Harter Matthew Wells Isabella Havas May Yang John Heflin Jeff Liji Zhou Laura Hernandez Yifan Zhu vi GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW Vol. 4.1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLES Online Manipulation: Hidden Influences in a Digital World ......................... 1 Daniel Susser, Beate Roessler, Helen Nissenbaum The Global “Last Mile” Solution: High-Altitude Broadband Infrastructure ................................................................................................. 47 Snezhana StadniK Tapia Health Data at Your Fingertips: Federal Regulatory Proposals for Consumer-Generated Mobile Health Data .................................................. 125 Jianyan Fang NOTES Incitement and the Geopolitical Influence of Facebook Content Moderation .................................................................................................. 183 Sarah Koslov Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC and the Rise of Speech-Enhancing Regulations of Social Media Platforms ...................................................... 215 Connor J. Suozzo STUDENT WRITING COMPETITION Will You Believe It When You See It? How and Why the Press Should Prepare for Deepfakes ................................................................................. 241 Lauren Renaud Getting On Board with Robots: How the Business Judgment Rule Should Apply to Artificial Intelligence Devices Serving as Members of a Corporate Board ....................................................................................... 263 Thomas Belcastro CFIUS and A.I.: Defending National Security While Allowing Foreign Investment ................................................................................................... 279 Theodore BrucKbauer 2019 GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW vii TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINERS Search Engine Optimization: What We See and Why We See It ............... 299 Joseph Baillargeon Social Spambots .......................................................................................... 307 Richard Bernache Data Breaches ............................................................................................. 315 Drew Diedrich 5G Wireless Connectivity: The Next Step .................................................. 325 Matthew Wells GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ARTICLES GEORGETOWN LAW TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ONLINE MANIPULATION: HIDDEN INFLUENCES IN A DIGITAL WORLD Daniel Susser, Beate Roessler, Helen Nissenbaum* CITE AS: 4 GEO. L. TECH. REV. 1 (2019) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 2 SOME CASES OF TROUBLING INFLUENCE ................................................... 4 Targeting Advertisements at Vulnerable Teenagers ........................... 5 Algorithmically-Nudged Labor .......................................................... 7 Psychographic Profiling and Election Influence ................................. 9 DEFINING MANIPULATION ....................................................................... 12 Persuasion, Coercion, and Manipulation .......................................... 13 The Means of Manipulation .............................................................. 18 Deception and Manipulation ............................................................. 21 Nudges and Manipulation ................................................................. 22 Manipulation and Manipulative Practices Defined ........................... 26 MANIPULATION THROUGH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ........................