THE Pennsylvania Magazine OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Henry James and Owen Wister WEN WISTER'S best-known novel, The Virginian, has been kept constantly before us for nearly seventy years by means O of numerous editions, stage productions, films, and, most recently, a popular television series. When we think of Wister at all, therefore, our thoughts tend to be dominated by an image—not so much one of The Virginian as one derived from subsequent permu- tations of The Virginian's ostensible form and subject—an image, in short, of the "Wild Western." Because of this, it is easy to forget that the Philadelphia gentleman who wrote stories about the Wild West was also author of Jjzdy Baltimore, the "genteel" novel of Charleston, South Carolina, which, when it first appeared in 1906, nearly everyone immediately recognized as very "Jamesian." Of course, we have not only forgotten that Wister wrote Jjidy Balti- more', we have forgotten that anybody wrote it, and the reasons why are plain. First, J^ady Baltimore was not particularly memorable, whereas The Virginian was. Clearly, Wister's most valuable literary achievement was contained in what he wrote about the American West. Second, J^ady Baltimore was "Jamesian" only in the most superficial sense. Whereas its surface of social maneuvering and involved conversations vaguely resembled the surface of a James novel like The Spoils of T'oyntony its substance contained nothing of the Jamesian at all. Yet Wister was a very Jamesian writer—nowhere more so than in The Virginian itself. The colorful and influential setting of this 291 292 BEN M. VORPAHL July novel has effectively obscured for nearly everyone the facts both James and Wister clearly recognized: that the novel's focus and manner corresponded to those of Roderick Hudson; that its hero was Christopher Newman of The ^American gone to Wyoming for his health instead of to Europe for culture. If these correspondences were merely coincidental, they would be of little consequence. On the contrary, however, they proceeded directly from a long and complex personal relationship between James and Wister. When The %Jirginian was first published in 1902, the two men had been friends for more than twenty years. By 1882, when they attended opera together in Boston, they were on familiar terms. More than three decades later, in 1914, the friendship had deepened, so that when James wrote to Wister, he addressed him as "Dearest Owen," and spoke of the "intwisted . imagination . that we know" as something which "has hung about you alternately to torment me and to reassure." The "intwisted .. imagination" which James and Wister held between them contained a body of remarkable assump- tions about literature and history. It was directly responsible for much of what both men wrote. Therefore, the series of events which formed it deserves careful examination. I The basis for the friendship of James and Wister was established on Christmas evening, 1873, well before the two men ever saw each other. Owen, who was thirteen, had been living for a year with his maternal aunt and her husband at Herford, in England, while his parents and grandmother, the famous Shakespearian actress, Fanny Kemble,1 toured the continent. James, who was living in Paris, left for Rome on December 18. The Christmas gathering of Americans at Mrs. Henry Russell Cleveland's villa brought James together with Sarah Butler Wister, Owen's mother. Mrs. Wister was both attractive and intelligent. James, at thirty, represented the cosmopolitan polish which the Americans at Mrs. Cleveland's sought in Europe—without having yet left entirely be- hind the youth which they also cherished. Mrs. Wister invited James 1 Frances Anne Kemble married Wister's grandfather, Pierce Butler, later to be divorced from him in a much publicized case. Her readings of Shakespeare's plays helped many Amer- icans, including Herman Melville, to appreciate Shakespeare as they never had before. I97i HENRY JAMES AND OWEN WISTER 293 to call, and two nights later he did so. The occasion loomed large for James, because it gave him the opportunity to meet Mrs. Wister's accomplished mother, whom he had long admired from afar. Shortly afterward, he described her as "the terrific Kemble herself, whose splendid handsomness of eye, nostril and mouth were the best things in the room."2 Yet the room also contained another attraction, which James began to discover how much he liked when he went to Colonna Gardens with Mrs. Wister the next day. Describing the experience to his mother, he wrote that "a beautiful woman who takes you to such a place and talks to you uninterruptedly, learnedly, and even cleverly for two whole hours is not to be disposed of in three lines."3 Indeed she wasn't. For the next three months, James and Mrs. Wister were frequently together. James repeatedly praised his new friend in letters to his mother, who warned him not to become too involved. Leon Edel even suggests that the relationship may have been partly responsible for providing James with the idea for "Madame de Mauves," which tells the story of a young man's unhappy love for a beautiful American married woman. In April, the Wisters and Miss Kemble left Rome for England where Owen joined them and they all sailed for the United States, but the tie with Henry James had been firmly cemented. That spring, the Wisters moved back into their house near Phila- delphia and sent Owen to study at St. Paul's school in New Hamp- shire. There, he worked hard, read widely, and found time to be "employed every once in a while in making a new language ... on the model of the Old Saxon."4 In the fall, Henry James crossed the Atlantic. Roderick Hudson, his first novel, began its serial publica- tion in January. James elected to spend the winter in New York, and Wister, at fifteen, began to plan his own first novel. A long letter to his mother written from St. Paul's outlined a fantastic comic opera plot in which political intrigue, murder, love, exploration of darkest Africa, and a tour of the European capitals were all involved. Closing, Wister called the scheme "certainly original," adding that 2 Henry James, quoted in Leon Edel, Henry James: The Conquest of London (New York, 1962), 85. *Ibid. 4 Wister to Sarah B. Wister, June, 1874. Unless otherwise noted, all manuscripts cited are in the Wister Collection at the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress. 294 BEN M* VORPAHL July he, at least, "never heard of anything at all like it before."5 If Sarah Wister told James about the planned novel when he came to visit that fall, he must have been properly amused. It was the end of September, and the Pennsylvania woods blazed with color when James made his visit. Mrs. Wister charmingly described the event in a letter to Owen, who, after a summer at home, was back at St. Paul's and suffering from homesickness: On Tuesday Mr. Henry James came in for a couple of days to say good bye before sailing for Europe, which he does this month, as I was cookless we drove to the park and dined at Strawberry Hill on the piazza & it was perfectly beautiful, day and all. The next afternoon we drove up to Edgehill to the house of Mr. Russell Smith, the painter, where there is a view of forty miles around; the autumn colors are now being mingled with the green in just the proportions that are most beautiful & the day was divine. We dined with your grandmother that night & she read us two of the choruses from Atlanta in Kalydon & recited a long passage of [illegible] so we had quite a fine evening. The next day Mr. James went away.6 Miss Kemble's reading was so successful that James remembered it vividly nearly twenty years later when he wrote an essay about "the terrific Kemble" after her death in 1893.7 Following its successful serialization in The ^Atlantic, Roderick Hudson, slightly revised, was published as a book in November, 1875, and the April, 1876, number of The 7{prth ^American %eview carried Sarah Wister's unsigned essay on that novel. After granting that "Mr. James has imitated nobody," Mrs. Wister proved a sharp critic. She called the book "a study of character" which lacked plot and suffered from "too much . minuteness."8 She disliked the hero particularly and the other characters in general because "they do nothing but talk." Finally, she commented that "the book as a whole" was "like a marvellous mosaic, whose countless minute pieces are fitted with so much skill and ingenuity that a real picture is presented," but also insisted that "such work has the disagreeable property of making criticism seem like picking to pieces." Its method, she said, was "mistaken." 5 Wister to Sarah B. Wister, May 23, 1875. 6 Sarah B. Wister to Wister, Oct. 2, 1875. 7 Henry James, "Frances Anne Kemble," Temple Bar, XCVII (April, 1893), 503-525. 8 The North American Review, CXXII (April, 1876), 420-425. I97i HENRY JAMES AND OWEN WISTER 295 Nonetheless, she followed The ^American when it ran in The ^Atlantic ^Monthly beginning with the June issue, and later asked Owen what he thought of it. Despite the fact that Howells and others tried to convince James that he should let Christopher New- man win Claire de Cintre, Wister agreed with his grandmother that a tragic ending would be preferable. With two installments of the story yet to appear, he wrote to his mother in March, answering her question: I think [The American] grows ten times more interesting than it grew before.