1 J2.7 URBAN HEAT BUDGET AND WASTE WATER HEAT DISCHARGE IN MOSCOW Mikhail S. Myagkov∗ Urban Environment Research and Design Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation Most frequently the specific features of where Q *is net radiation, QF represents anthro- climate in urban areas are associated with de- pogenic heat balance, QH and QE state for tur- velopment of the "heat island", the origin of bulent and molecular heat flux respectively, DQs which, as a rule, is connected with the use of is the heat flux storage in the ground and other energy resources for heating, hot water supply, surface materials, DQA is heat advection through electric energy and motor fuel consumption. An the boundaries of territory under consideration. increasing of solar radiation absorbing is also Anthropogenic heat balance (budget) according considering for the northern cities. In the major- to the same source has the following form: ity of studies anthropogenic heat balance com- QF = QFV + QFH + QFM, (2) ponents are quantified by means of total annual where QFV represents the heat released by vehi- consumption of traditional energy resources cles, QFH is heat released from stationary (gas, petroleum residue, motor fuel, electric sources, QFM stands for metabolic heat emis- power) with its subsequent averaging for the sion. One can see no spending parts of the heat whole urban area (Shcherbakov, 1987; Grim- balance are detached. Accordingly we propose mond, 1992; Swaid and Hoffman, 1990-1991 to introduce one more member into this equa- etc.). In this case the structure and correlation of tion: QFW, which is designating heat discharge the sizes of natural and anthropogenic energy with waste water, removing from the urban area fluxes are characterized more qualitatively than by sewerage systems and through the open wa- quantitatively, and the spending part of the an- ter flows, which in the essence can be consid- thropogenic heat balance (heat release with ered as water-engineering constructions within household and industrial waste water) is not urban frontiers. The release of part of anthropo- considered. genic heat is transmitted directly to the boundary According to survey which sums up re- layer of the urban atmosphere and is included sults of studies executed during last 20 years in into DQA. the urban climatology Arnfield (2003), the equa- Moscow is the biggest city of Russia tion of urban territory heat balance can be writ- with the great variety of energy production and ten as: consumption items and problems arising from it. Q * + QF = QH + QE + DQs + DQA, (1) At the same time Moscow got a sufficiently complete data about heat- and power supply Corresponding author address: Urban Environment R&D and concerned different kinds of environmental Institute, 125047, 2-ya Brestskaya st., 8, Moscow, Russian Federation. components pollution level. That is why Moscow tel.: +7-095-775-34-41. e-mail: [email protected] was taken for that heat balance analysis. 2 Direct energy consumption plays the consumption and heat emission in summer is dominant role among enumerated income parts much less than in winter (Fig. 1). of anthropogenic energy balance. Moscow is the 3200 3000 greatest energy resources recipient in Russia. - Total 2800 - "Mosenergo" 2600 3 ) m - "Mosteploenergo" l 9 a At present all heat supply of Moscow is ensured t - industry 2400 o - residental 10 nd t on, 2200 i from 16 heating and power plants (HPP) of Joint go") " a pt er o m 2000 g u oen ns stock company "Mosenergo” - Moscow Regional ner pl o 1800 e e s t c 3 o s os a M m 1600 " M 500 G ( Administration of Power System Management, 9 " , y 10 1400 r t n, s 400 o u HPP "ZIL", 39 district and minor heating plants i t 1200 d p n i , l um 300 1000 a s of "Mosteploenergo" company, and also from t n o c den i s 200 s a e industrial and 106 local heating boilers. The heat r G ( 100 output of centralized heat supply sources comes 0 to: HPPs – 35.4 GW; “Mosteploenego” and oth- 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Months ers – 13.8 GW. Fig. 1. Gas consumption in Moscow (1998–2002). An amount of thermal energy consump- tion directly depends on a city population, the Average total natural gas consumption total area of heating buildings and on character- in Moscow in 1998–2002 during June–July istics of heating period – its duration, the air amounts 1.3–1.4×109 m3, while in December- temperature and wind velocity. In Moscow the January it rises up to 3.1–3.2×109 m3 with aver- mean annual output of thermal energy under age annual consumption 26.3×109 m3. These average heat loads during 1998–2002 was volumes include gas, used for production not 15 about 410–415×10 J. About 70% of it was re- only thermal, but also electrical energy (cogene- leased from the collectors of "Mosenergo" and ration), technological needs etc. Seasonal gas 22% was covered by "Mosteploenergo". Re- consumption for heating needs is about maining heat was manufactured on heat HPP 450×109 m3 in winter and 60×109 m3 in summer "ZIL" and other sources. i.g. there is a difference in 7.5 times. The annual dynamic of gas consumption Seasonal dynamic of heat release by is caused, first of all, by seasonal ambient air "Mosenergo" which provides 75 % of thermal temperature variations. Furthermore, annual loads in Moscow (Fig. 2), in practice completely heat consumption depends on seasonal coincides with seasonal dynamic of gas con- changes in hot water supply needs of citizens, sumption by "Mosteploenergo". So within the on the temperature of water gathered from open period under consideration the maximal heat sources and on technical needs for heating sys- quantity was provided to users in December tems maintenance. The average daily summer (more than 41×103 TJ/mo.), minimum, in July hot water supply is of 80% of that in winter. As a (about 6×103 TJ/mo.). There is a difference al- result, heat requirement and consequently fuel most in 7 times. burnt. So Duri air tempe occur heat. Fig. 2.Heat 84.8 basi cry tion, butalso not onlyexplicitheat,pro atmosp they weren 2–3 %inth Fluid facilities, poppinggas, rated (Fi anthro environ of theanth 50000 10000 20000 TJ/mo 30000 40000 s 0 tallization ofwatervapor,whi ng thisti c × 10 com pog fro pro ment, he To e In theheatb The crystalli 15 g m . 3).AlltheMoscowene J/ relea 123 ric r - - - - - b 21. d eni 200 200 200 199 199 atu Novembe u r u o o s s c yr, ormo t con boun theagg e Mosco c heat-bud 1 alatentheat poge me 56%ofannu tion ts ofn timate fi r s 2 1 0 9 8 × e inMo e to"Mosenerg 10 s dary lay 9 nic ide con kg 45 zation ofwat a r gure a r reg lan ofv heat w s ed i sco tural re to March,whe i h ge s are takeni M c a ts of o e s e ofthe n eat bud t w rele apor isbroug nt t balancewa than 10% o ofcond duced from 67 r" sy ed diag ga cal " consumers hs and to islo c al ga ase tot s stem p ulatio not m c wer t 8 "urba rgy produ comb h i get, therefo e ram reveal pl en n r vapo s volumeis s to 9 ns. oneofthe sa n a of explicit o han 0° he u r u of urba comb account. n ht tothe s elab ticipate tion and 1 re th ambi s 0 a tion r ca r 1 ction aces r ea 1 ba ent us- an C. r o- 1 n – n e n – s 2 Moscow Fig. 3.Aggregat Popping of gas 781 Aeration stations 50 Losses (performance index, Heat transportation regulation) 242 to header pipelines 435 heat input ( units ofmeasure–10 Vapour condensators 85 Waste water heat removal Active heat power transfer to sewerage system 120 to abonents 390 Heat consumer Heat emission ed anthropo n consumption 370 o to the environment 250 i t Heat losses 45 p Heat losses in interblock heat Heat losses before waste water m u pipelines and stations 20 input to aeration stations 70 s n Heat and electric energy production l r o a geni e c v t 15 s o a J a Heat energy transportation Ultimate heat consumers w m c heatbalanceo g / e yr) e l r t a t s t a a o e T W h Electrical output 104 f 3 4 atmosphere and its crystallization heat emission sand transport enterprises. Total consumption of consists 7.0×1015 J. motor fuel per year is about 4 million tons; it was It is evident that on the way from gas realized on 674 filling stations. The heat re- popping to ultimate consumption more than 60% leased from motor fuel consumption consist of heat is lost, and the final consumer gets only 160×1015 J/yr. 14 about 30% of the total amount of heat released - 1998 in the city. This low index is typical for the sys- - 1999 tems of the centralized heat supply (Sharipov, J) 12 - 2000 15 0 2001), moreover it is even less for systems of 1 - 2001 on ( separate heat production and a little bit higher i pt - 2002 um for thermoelectric power stations. From ns 10 o 15 c 120×10 J/yr of heat removed from consumers gy 15 ener c i with warm wastewater, only 50×10 J/yr reach r t c i l 8 aeration stations.