David R. Starbuck, Editor ISSN 1046-2368 The New York State Archaeological Association2018 Officers Lisa Marie Anselmi, President David Moyer, Vice President Gail Merian, Secretary Ann Morton, Treasurer The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the publisher. Published by the New York State Archaeological Association. Subscription by membership in NYSAA. For membership information write: President Lisa Anselmi, [email protected]; 716 878-6520 Back numbers may be obtained from [email protected]; 716 878-6520 Or downloaded from the NYSAA website http://nysarchaeology.org/nysaa/ Entire articles or excerpts may be reprinted upon notification to the NYSAA. Manuscripts should be submitted to Dr. David Starbuck, P.O. Box 492, Chestertown, NY 12817. If you are thinking of submitting an item for publication, please note that manuscripts will be returned for correction if manuscript guidelines (this issue) are not followed. Authors may request peer review. All manuscripts submitted are subject to editorial correction or excision where such correction or excision does not alter substance or intent. Layout and Printing Mechanical Prep, Publishing Help by Dennis Howe, Concord, New Hampshire Printed by Speedy Printing, Concord, New Hampshire. Copyright ©2018 by the New York State Archaeological Association Front Cover Photographs The collage of photographs on the front cover are taken from several of the articles in this issue of The Bulletin, which are devoted to the growth and development of the New York State Archaeological Association (NYSAA) over the last hundred years. The collage is a small representation of the many men and women from diverse disciplines who made major archaeological discoveries, established scientific approaches to archaeological studies, and contributed to the formation of NYSAA. The photographs can be found on the following pages with text that identify them and describe their contributions. Editorial After many years of dedicated service to The Bulletin, Charles Hayes III and Martha Sempowski have now earned a well-deserved “retirement” and passed on the reins of our journal. This must truly be bittersweet for them because they have made The Bulletin of the New York State Archaeo- logical Association one of the finest state journals in the country, and they have created a legacy of professionalism and dedication to scholarly research that is truly enviable. As the incoming editor, I am totally indebted to Charles and Martha for the very high standards they have established and maintained, and we are all most grateful to the Rochester Museum & Science Center for the many years they have provided an institutional “home” to our journal. Transitions, of course, take a bit of time, and it became necessary to make this a double issue of The Bulletin for the years 2017 and 2018, rather than feverishly trying to rush out a volume at the end of 2017. A quick 2017 journal might have pleased some of our members, but no incom- ing editor wants to be remembered for unedited, non-stop bloopers! In charge of layout we now have publisher Dennis Howe of Concord, NH, who has worked with me in preparing journals and newsletters for other archaeological societies for over 35 years. Dennis is an experienced professional who will work hard to make this as attractive a jour- nal as possible, and perhaps our most immediate and obvious change is to introduce a color cover for each issue. Turning now to the contents of the 2017-2018 Bulletin, the first four articles were pre- sented at the Centennial Meeting of the New York State Archaeological Association at the Wood- cliff Hotel & Spa in Rochester, New York, on April 15-17, 2016. It thus is appropriate to call this a “Centennial” publication of NYSAA. These opening articles are followed by a series of general submissions, covering many aspects of both prehistoric and historical archaeology throughout our state. There truly is “something for everyone” in this volume. With this return to our normal publishing schedule, the officers of NYSAA are eager to share with you the results of archaeological research in our state, and we look forward to providing you with lively, scholarly articles for many years to come! David R. Starbuck Contents Part 1: Centennial Articles 1 Centennial Reflections on the Growth and Transformation of the New York State Archaeological Association, 1916-2016 Sherene Baugher, Cornell University, President NYSAA (2010-2018), Finger Lakes Chapter 18 The Legacy of the Rochester Museum: A Framework for New York State Archaeology and the Evidence on Which It Rests Martha L. Sempowski, Research Fellow, Rochester Museum & Science Center, and Lewis Henry Morgan Chapter 34 Above Ground Archaeology: Archaeologists Studying Cemeteries and Gravestones in New York State Sherene Baugher, Cornell University, and Richard F. Veit, Monmouth University 47 Fighting on the Frontier: Military Sites Archaeology in New York David R. Starbuck, Plymouth State University and Adirondack Chapter Part 2: General Submissions 67 Life Outside the Walls: Recent Archaeological Investigations at Fort Haldimand, Carleton Island Ben Ford and Taylor Napoleon, Indiana University of Pennsylvania 81 The Randolph Biface Cache, Cattaraugus County, New York James J. Krakker, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 87 Climate and Native-American Subsistence Practices during the Mid-Holocene in the Hudson River Valley: Evidence from Site 589 in Bethlehem, NY Matthew Kirk, Adam Luscier, and Shannon Wright, Hartgen Archeological Associates, Inc. 101 Microtopography and Archaeological Landscapes: Filling in the Gaps at Mount Sinai Harbor, New York Mark S. Tweedie, Institute for Long Island Archaeology, Stony Brook University 116 Blue Jay Ridge: A Late Archaic to Late Woodland Site Richard N. Maxson, State University of New York at Geneseo 124 Mac 11 – One Site or Two? Richard N. Maxson, State University of New York at Geneseo 130 In Memoriam Annette Yvonne Wilson Nohe (1935-2017) 131 Guidelines for Manuscript Submissions 1 Centennial Reflections on the Growth and Transformation of the New York State Archaeological Association, 1916-2016* Sherene Baugher, Cornell University, President NYSAA (2010-2018), Finger Lakes Chapter This article is a reflection on the growth and development of the jor turning points over the past fifty years in both New York New York State Archaeological Association (NYSAA) over the State archaeology and in the NYSAA because they are inter- last hundred years. In 1916, NYSAA was formed. The NYSAA, connected. This second half of the article will briefly discuss through its programs, preservation activities, and publications, major changes in New York State archaeology through federal, has been able to share the members’ enthusiasm and interest in state, and municipal legislation, the creation of cultural re- local archaeology with the public. With each passing decade source management firms, and its impact on the NYSAA and chapters were added to NYSAA. Membership expanded and its chapters. It will also cover the United States Bicentennial, NYSAA welcomed people from diverse disciplines and encour- celebrations and research on wars including the War of 1812 aged them to join the growing numbers of professional and and the French and Indian War, which all involved NYSAA avocational archaeologists. By the late 1960s and early 1970s members. American archaeology was changing with the advent of histor- Beyond military sites, the excavation and interpretation ical archaeology, Cultural Resource Management (CRM) work, of historic sites has become an increasing part of the research and NAGPRA. NYSAA membership, chapters, and programs and publications of NYSAA members. While NYSAA’s early reflected these changes. years focused on excavating sites in rural areas, the past 40 years has seen the growth of urban archaeology. The Native Introduction American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) changed the way NYSAA members approached The history of the New York State Archaeological Association both Native American sites and interact with any descendant (NYSAA) is intertwined totally with the people and events community. Over the past 100 years, NYSAA conferences, that have transformed archaeology within New York State. chapter lectures, excavations, and publications have reflected The archaeologists who played key roles in unearthing major these broader changes in the field of archaeology, and the ex- discoveries and expanding the research questions often were pansion in the research beyond pre-contact Native American members of the NYSAA. Some of these key professional ar- archaeology has included the historical archaeology of diverse chaeologists in the first fifty years of NYSAA were Arthur C. ethnic and racial groups. But first we will start with the his- Parker, William Ritchie, Marian White, and Robert Funk. But torical background and events leading up to the creation of amazing archaeological achievements over the past 100 years NYSAA in 1916. were not made by just a small handful of individuals but by a large community of professional and avocational archaeolo- Background to the Creation of NYSAA gists working throughout the state. The NYSAA has played a pivotal role in disseminating archaeological information to The 19th and early 20th centuries were a time when New York colleagues and to the public through chapters, conferences, State community members became very interested in local and publications. history. Local historians began compiling the history of their Robert Funk (1997) and Paul Huey (1997) have written towns and counties, such as W. W. Clayton’s History of Onon- two excellent overview articles on the general development daga County (1867), or I. N. Phelps Stokes’ (1915) 6-volume of research in prehistoric and historical archaeology in New opus The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909. In York State since the colonial period. However, this article will the late 19th and early 20th centuries dedicated avocational provide a perspective on the role played by the NYSAA over archaeologists also were unearthing and recording the pre- the past century.