Vital Signs & Symptoms Module 6, Section 3 Module 6 – Section 3 DSP Notebook BHS Vital Signs and Symptoms TABLE OF CONTENTS ASSESSING HEALTH NEEDS .................................................................................. 3 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ........................................................................................................ 3 YOU SHOULD DOCUMENT THESE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS IF OBSERVED: ............................................ 4 REPORTING GUIDELINES FOR SIGNS & SYMPTOMS ..................................................................... 5 SUBJECTIVE VS. OBJECTIVE DOCUMENTATION ........................................................................... 6 SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE DOCUMENTATION QUIZ .................................................................. 6 DOCUMENTATION TIPS AND RULES ........................................................................................ 7 DOCUMENTATION EXERCISE ................................................................................................. 8 BEHAVIOR AS AN INDICATOR OF ILLNESS ................................................................................. 9 TYPES OF BEHAVIORS THAT CAN INDICATE ILLNESS...................................................................10 COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES ...................................................................................................... 11 DYSPHAGIA/ASPIRATION ....................................................................................................11 CONSTIPATION ................................................................................................................14 DEHYDRATION .................................................................................................................15 SEIZURE DISORDER (EPILEPSY) ............................................................................................16 A COUPLE MORE THINGS ABOUT EPILEPTIC SEIZURES .................................................................17 TREATING EPILEPSY ........................................................................................... 18 REPORTING SEIZURES ........................................................................................ 18 SEIZURE REPORT FORM ...................................................................................... 19 OTHER COMMON HEALTH ISSUES ....................................................................... 21 INCONTINENCE AND URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (UTI) ................................ 21 PRESSURE SORES ................................................................................................ 22 PREVENTING PRESSURE SORES ......................................................................... 23 ALLERGIES AND ALLERGIC REACTIONS ............................................................. 23 ECZEMA .................................................................................................................... 24 ASTHMA .................................................................................................................... 24 N-01-20-12 1 Module 6 – Section 3 DSP Notebook BHS Vital Signs and Symptoms DIABETES ............................................................................................................ 25 ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND DEMENTIA IN PEOPLE WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES ...................................................................................................... 26 SUPPORTING PEOPLE WITH ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE ................................................................. 27 MEDICATIONS ..................................................................................................... 30 MEDICATION SIDE EFFECTS AND INTERACTIONS ............................................. 31 TARDIVE DYSKINESIA (TD) ............................................................................................ 31 FACTORS THAT AFFECT DRUG ACTION................................................................................ 32 EXAMPLES OF MEDICATIONS AND THEIR USES ................................................. 34 ANTIBIOTICS....................................................................................................... 35 EXAMPLE OF A WRITTEN INSERT ACCOMPANYING A DRUG DISPENSED BY THE PHARMACIST ............... 36 OJT ACTIVITY #17: MEASURING A RADIAL PULSE ............................................ 38 OJT ACTIVITY #17: MEASURING A CAROTID PULSE .......................................... 39 OJT ACTIVITY #17: MEASURING A BRACHIAL PULSE ........................................ 40 OJT ACTIVITY #18: MEASURING THE RESPIRATORY RATE ............................... 41 OJT ACTIVITY #19: TAKING A MANUAL BLOOD PRESSURE ............................... 42 OJT ACTIVITY #20: TAKING AN ORAL TEMPERATURE ....................................... 44 OJT ACTIVITY #22: TAKING AN AXILLARY (ARMPIT) TEMPERATURE ............... 46 OJT ACTIVITY #61: MEASURING WEIGHT .......................................................... 48 N-01-20-12 2 Module 6 – Section 3 DSP Notebook BHS Vital Signs and Symptoms Assessing Health Needs People with developmental disabilities have the same health issues that everybody else does. They have colds, the flu, stomach aches, etc. Your role regarding assessing health needs involves listening, questioning, observing and documenting. DSPs are the first-line of preventing illness, identifying illness by observing symptoms and working with your agency’s team to manage symptoms and address illnesses. Listening: Listen to what people say, such as: My stomach hurts I have a headache I don’t feel well My tooth hurts Questioning: You might ask questions, such as: Are you sick? Does it hurt somewhere? Show me. Can you tell me about it? Observing: You might notice the following: Groaning Holding stomach/head, etc. Throwing up Discolored skin Change in behavior Signs and Symptoms Though signs and symptoms describe the same conditions, they are very different in many ways. Signs are what a doctor sees. Symptoms are what the patient experiences. Listening to the people you help support and helping them express their feelings can be very helpful for medical personnel who are trying to diagnose and treat medical conditions. Doctors rely on symptoms to help diagnose medical conditions. Although the patient notices symptoms, it is other people (DSPs, nurses, physicians) that notice the signs. Signs are considered to be objective because they can be felt, heard or seen. Bleeding, bruising, swelling and fever are examples of signs. N-01-20-12 3 Module 6 – Section 3 DSP Notebook BHS Vital Signs and Symptoms Symptoms are subjective in the sense that they are not outwardly visible to others. It is only the patient who perceives and experiences the symptoms. For example, a high temperature, a rapid pulse, low blood pressure, and bruising can all be called signs. Chills, shivering, fever, nausea, shaking and vertigo are symptoms. You Should Document these Signs and Symptoms if observed: Wound Throat pain pain with swallowing swelling refusal to eat redness redness tenderness whitish patches at back of throat pus and/or red streaks hoarse voice fever or skin rash Ears Eyes pain redness pulling at ear swelling of the eyelid(s) redness eyes burning or painful fever discharge diminished hearing could be allergy if discharge is clear drainage infection likely if discharge is yellowish or greenish Teeth Respiratory System pain cough refusal to eat phlegm (mucous) facial or gum swelling shortness of breath gum bleeding wheezing fever fever Digestive System Urinary Tract abdominal pain difficult urination, loose stools vomiting pain or burning loose stools change to urine color (clear to cloudy, constipation light to dark yellow) fever Toxic Shock Syndrome Vaginal Infection vomiting unusual discharge fever itching, burning pain in one or both sides of mid back unusual odor vomiting chills diarrhea nausea rash, especially during menstruation N-01-20-12 4 Module 6 – Section 3 DSP Notebook BHS Vital Signs and Symptoms Reporting Guidelines for Signs & Symptoms When documenting information about signs and symptoms, be sure to include any of the following: o State what the individual claims is wrong o Describe how the individual appears physically o State when the symptoms first began or were noticed o Describe any changes in the individual’s eating habits o Describe any changes in the individual’s behavior o Describe any vomiting, diarrhea or urinary problems o Report any recent history of similar symptoms. o Provide list of current medications o Provide list of known allergies o Describe any visible bleeding or swelling, how much and how fast o Describe any lack of movement or inability to move body parts o If injured, describe how it happened o Describe size of wound or injury o Report pulse, temperature and blood pressure o State only the facts, not opinion N-01-20-12 5 Module 6 – Section 3 DSP Notebook BHS Vital Signs and Symptoms Subjective vs. Objective Documentation One of your responsibilities will be to report your observations in progress notes. Any medically-related issue which comes up on your shift must be communicated to the nurse and/or other staff. Remember to be objective when reporting and report only the facts. When you are documenting signs or symptoms, be sure to write only objective facts, such as size, shape, level of pain, etc., not your opinion or a conclusion that you have made based on the symptoms. Objective Documentation