- .. -.. ~ .g$j.w ,...:.:; Q3“.”+:::% Alaska OCS :...>1 Socioeconomic P- Sponsor: Bureau of ) i Land Management h,:+:.:.:.:.:.:;::.- . ... Alaska Outer Pq Continental Shelf S& Off ice Western Gulf of Alaska Petroleum Development Scenarios Kodiak Non-Native Sociocultural Impacts The United States Department of the Interior was designated by the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Lands Act of 1953 to carry out the majority of the Act’s provisions for administering the ❑ ineral leasing and develop- ment of offshore areas of the United States under federal jurisdiction. Within the Department, the Bureau of Land Management (ELM) has the responsibility to meet requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) as well as other legislation and regulations dealing with the effects of offshore development. In Alaska, unique cultural differences and climatic conditions create a need for developing addi- tional socioeconomic and environmental information to improve OCS deci- sion making at all governmental levels. In fulfillment of its federal responsibilities and with an awareness of these additional information needs, the BLM has initiated several investigative programs, one of which is the Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program (SESP). The Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program is a ❑ ulti-year research effort which attempts to predict and evaluate the effects of Alaska OH Petroleum Development upon the physical, social, and economic environ- ments within the state. The overall methodology is divided into three broad research components. The first component identifies an altern- ative set of assumptions regarding the location, the nature, and the timing of future petroleum events and related activities. In this component, the program takes into account the particular needs of the petroleum industry and projects the human, technological, economic, and environmental offshore and onshore development requirements of the regional petroleum industry. The second component focuses on data gathering that identifies those quantifiable and qualifiable facts by which OCS-induced changes can be assessed. The critical community and regional components are identified and evaluated. Current endogenous and exogenous sources of change and functional organization among different sectors of community and region- al life are analyzed. Susceptible community relationships, values, activities, and processes also are included. The third research component focuses on an evaluation of the changes that could occur due to the potential oil and gas development. Impact evaluation concentrates on an analysis of the impacts at the statewide, regional, and local level. In general, program products are sequentially arranged in accordance with BLM’s proposed OCS lease sale schedule, so that information is timely to decisionmaking. Reports are available through the National Technical Information Service, and the BLM has a limited number of copies available through the Alaska OCS Office. Inquiries for informa- tion should be directed to: Program Coordinator (COAR), Socioeconomic Studies Program, Alaska OCS Office, P. 0. Box 1159, Anchorage, Alaska 99510. II Technical Report No. 39 Contract No. AA550-CT6-61 ALASKA OCS SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAfVl WESTERN GULF OF ALASKA PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS KODIAK NON-NATIVE SOCIOCULTURAL IMPACTS Prepared by Jim Payne Prepared for BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT ALASKA OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OFFICE DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLETO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE 5285 PORT ROYAL ROAD SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22161 January 1980 III NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Office, in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program Western Gulf of Alaska Petroleum Development Scenarios Kodiak Non-Native Sociocultural Impacts Prepared by Jim Payne, for Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. January 1980 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . , . Ix LIST OF TABLES . , . x I. INTRODUCTION . 1 Context of Study. 1 Study Limitations . 2 II. METHODOLOGY . ● . 5 Theoretical Orientation . ✎ . 5 Research Methodology. ✎ . ● . 9 Document Research. ✎ . ✎ . 9 Field Work . ✎ . ✎ . 10 Impact Categories. ✎ . ✎ . 10 III. KODIAK: CONTEMPORARY SITUATION . ✎ . ✎ . 13 Introduction. ✎ . ✎ . 13 Community Context . ✎ . ✎ . 14 Phvsi~al Location and Settinq. ✎ . ✎ . 14 Cl\matic Conditions. ✎ . ✎ . 14 Vegetation and Wildlife. ✎ . ✎ . ● . 17 Ge;eral Population Characteristics . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 18 Historical Context and Impacts. ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 25 The Earliest Impacts . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 25 The Russian Impact . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 26 The American Period. ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 28 The 1964 Good Friday Earthquake. ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 36 Contemporary Concerns . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 37 OCS: Introduction. ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 38 OCSand Fishing . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 39 OCS and the Community . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 42 Sumnary. ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 46 Doq Bay and Pillar Mountain. ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . Unification Church and International Seafoods. ✎ . ✎ . :; Borough vsCity . ✎ . ✎ . 49 Response Capacities . ✎ . 52 Aggressiveness . ✎ . ✎ . 53 Innovation. ✎ . ✎ . 54 Social Cohesiveness. ✎ . ✎ . 55 Awareness. ✎ . ✎ . 56 Organization . ✎ . ✎ . 56 Political Linkages . ✎ . ✎ . 56 Sociocultural Impact Categories . ✎ . ✎ . 57 Maritime Adaptation. ✎ . ✎ . 57 Maritime Economics and Employment . ✎ . ✎ . Processing and Processors . ✎ . ✎ . :; Changing Patterns . 65 Predominant Lifestyles: ~n&;d;c;i;nI ; ; . 67 Predominant Lifestyles: Fishermen . 67 Predominant Lifestyles: Cannery Workers . 75 Predominant Lifestyles: Coast Guard . 79 SumnarY. ● . ● . 81 Cultural ~alues and Personality Characteristics. 81 Seasonal Recreation and Ccmmunity Events. 86 Subsistence . ● . Summary. : . ✎ . R Political and Governmental Organization. ✎ ● . 90 General Interest Organizations. ✎ ✎ . 91 Special Interest Organizations. ✎ ✎ . 94 Political Dynamics.-. ✎ ● . ● . Ties to Regional Goverrunent . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 1:; ✎ Summary . ● . ● ✎ . 103 ✎ ✎ ✎ Social Health. ● ✎ . ✎ . 104 ✎ ✎ Alcoholism. ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 106 ✎ Mental Health . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ● . ✎ ✎ . 109 ✎ ✎ Crime . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 111 ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . Race Relations. ● ✎ . 113 ✎ ✎ ✎ $umnary . ✎☛ ✎ ✎ . ✎ ● . ● ✎ . 119 ✎ Family Relations , ✎✌ ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . 120 Fu;ion and Fission in Relationships . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 120 Education . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 122 Sumnary. ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 123 Town Environment . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 123 Land Use Patterns . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 123 Housing . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 127 Wall Town Atmosphere . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 130 Summary . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 131 Iv. NON-OCS SCENARIO. ● ● ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 133 Introduction. ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 133 Sumnary of Growth Projections.. Future Economy, Gnployment and Pocwlation. 133 Assessment of Impacts on the $ociocultural System . 135 Maritime Adaptation. , . ‘. 135 Coast Guard . 139 Non-BasicSectors . 139 Cultural Values and Personality Characteristics. 140 Pol itica.1 and Governmental Organization. 140 Social Health. 143 14A Family Relations . ● . Town Environment ● . ● . ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . ● . 144 Qmmary. ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 145 Y. 95% OCS SCENARIO. ✎ . ✎ . ✎ . 149 Introduction. ✎ ., ✎ . ● ✎ .* . 149 VI Summary of Growth Projections: Future Economy, Gnployment . and Population. ● . ● . ● “ 150 Assessment of Impacts . 150 “ Maritime Adaptation. 153 Cultural Values and Personality Characteristics. 153 Political and Governmental Organization. 153 Social Health. : . 155 Family Relations. 155 Town Environment. ● ● ● . 155 Sunmary. “e . 156 VI. MEAN SCEANRIO . .. o... ..o. o 157 Introduction. 157 Summary of Growth Projections: Future Economy, Employment and Population. s . ● . 157 Assessment of Impacts . 162 Maritime Adaptation . 162 Oil Spill and Blowouts . 162 Marine Support Base..... ...= . 163 Limited Numberof Platforms . 164 fiplo~ent Shifts . 164 Fishing/Oil Industry Relationship . 166 Cultural Values and Personality Characteristics. 166 Political and Governmental Organization. 167 Social Health . 168 Family Relations . 170 Town Environment. 170 Sumnary. 170 VII. 5% SCENARIO . 175 Introduction. 175 Sumnary of Growth Projections: Future Economy, Employment and Population. 176 Assessment of Impacts . 186 Maritime Adaptation . 186 Oil Spills and Blowouts . 186 Marine Support Base and Terminals . 187 . Platforms and Undersea Pipeline . ; “ “ “ c ● ● ● ● 188 ~ployment Sh’ifts . 188 Fishing/Oil Industry Relations. 189 Cultural Values and Personality Characteristics. 190 Political and Governmental Organization. 192 Social Health . 193 Family Relations. 196 Town Environment. 197 Sunrnary. 199 VII APPENDIX A - Article on death at sea. 203 APPENDIX B - List of Persons Contacted. ..