The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Plutarch, Plutarch’s Lives (Dryden trans.) vol. 1 [1906] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 Online Library of Liberty: Plutarch’s Lives (Dryden trans.) vol. 1 Edition Used: Plutarch’s Lives. The Translation called Dryden’s. Corrected from the Greek and Revised by A.H. Clough, in 5 volumes (Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1906). Author: Plutarch Translator: John Dryden Editor: A.H. Clough About This Title: Volume 1 of a five volume translation by Dryden. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 2 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1771 Online Library of Liberty: Plutarch’s Lives (Dryden trans.) vol. 1 About Liberty Fund: Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright Information: The text is in the public domain. Fair Use Statement: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 3 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1771 Online Library of Liberty: Plutarch’s Lives (Dryden trans.) vol. 1 Table Of Contents Alphabetical Index of the Lives. Alphabetical Index of the Comparisons. Preface, Containing a Life of Plutarch. Plutarch’s Lives. Theseus. Romulus. Comparison of Romulus With Theseus. Lycurgus and Numa Pompilius Lycurgus. Numa Pompilius. Comparison of Numa With Lycurgus. Solon. Poplicola. Comparison of Poplicola With Solon. Themistocles and Camillus Themistocles. Camillus. Pericles and Fabius Pericles. Fabius. Comparison of Fabius With Pericles. Appendix. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 4 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1771 Online Library of Liberty: Plutarch’s Lives (Dryden trans.) vol. 1 [Back to Table of Contents] PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 5 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1771 Online Library of Liberty: Plutarch’s Lives (Dryden trans.) vol. 1 ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE LIVES. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 6 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1771 Online Library of Liberty: Plutarch’s Lives (Dryden trans.) vol. 1 VolumePage ÆMILIUS PAULUS II. 155 AGESILAUS IV. 1 AGIS IV. 445 ALCIBIADES II. 1 ALEXANDER IV. 159 ANTONY V. 155 ARATUS V. 367 ARISTIDES II. 280 ARTAXERXES V. 421 BRUTUS V. 302 Cæsar IV. 256 CAMILLUS I. 269 MARCUS Cato II. 316 Cato the Younger IV. 370 CICERO V. 35 CIMON III. 198 CLEOMENES IV. 467 CORIOLANUS II. 52 CRASSUS III. 331 DEMETRIUS V. 95 DEMOSTHENES V. 1 DION V. 245 EUMENES III. 416 FABIUS I. 372 FLAMININUS II. 384 GALBA V. 456 CAIUS GRACCHUS IV. 531 TIBERIUS Gracchus IV. 506 LUCULLUS III. 227 LYCURGUS I. 83 LYSANDER III. 104 MARCELLUS II. 238 MARIUS III. 48 NICIAS III. 289 NUMA POMPILIUS I. 127 OTHO V. 487 PELOPIDAS II. 201 PERICLES I. 318 PHILOPœMEN II. 360 PHOCION IV. 329 POMPEY IV. 50 POPLICOLA I. 203 PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 7 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1771 Online Library of Liberty: Plutarch’s Lives (Dryden trans.) vol. 1 PYRRHUS III. 1 ROMULUS I. 39 SERTORIUS III. 382 SOLON I. 168 SYLLA III. 141 THEMISTOCLES I. 231 THESEUS I. 1 TIMOLEON II. 107 PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 8 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1771 Online Library of Liberty: Plutarch’s Lives (Dryden trans.) vol. 1 [Back to Table of Contents] ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE COMPARISONS. VolumePage AGESILAUS and POMPEY IV. 152 AGIS AND CLEOMENES AND THE GRACCHI IV. 553 ALCIBIADES AND CORIOLANUS II. 101 ARISTIDES AND MARCUS CATO II. 353 CIMON AND LUCULLUS III. 284 DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY V. 240 DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO V. 89 DION AND BRUTUS V. 362 LYCURGUS AND NUMA I. 160 LYSANDER AND SYLLA III. 192 NICIAS AND CRASSUS III. 376 PELOPIDAS AND MARCELLUS II. 276 PERICLES AND FABIUS I. 405 PHILOPœMEN and FLAMININUS II. 413 SERTORIUS AND EUMENES III. 441 SOLON AND POPLICOLA I. 226 THESEUS AND ROMULUS I. 78 TIMOLEON AND ÆMILIUS PAULUS II. 198 PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 9 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1771 Online Library of Liberty: Plutarch’s Lives (Dryden trans.) vol. 1 [Back to Table of Contents] PREFACE, CONTAINING A LIFE OF PLUTARCH. The collection so well known as “Plutarch’s Lives,” is neither in form nor in arrangement what its author left behind him. To the proper work, the Parallel Lives, narrated in a series of Books, each containing the accounts of one Greek and one Roman, followed by a Comparison, some single lives have been appended, for no reason but that they are also biographies. Otho and Galba belonged, probably, to a series of Roman Emperors from Augustus to Vitellius. Artaxerxes and Aratus the statesman are detached narratives, like others which once, we are told, existed, — Hercules, Aristomenes, Hesiod, Pindar, Daiphantus, Crates the cynic, and Aratus the poet. In the Parallel Lives themselves there are gaps. There was a Book containing those of Epaminondas and Scipio the younger. Many of the comparisons are wanting, have either been lost, or were not completed. And the reader will notice for himself that references made here and there in the extant lives, show that their original order was different from the present. In the very first page, for example, of the book, in the life of Theseus, mention occurs of the lives of Lycurgus and Numa, as already written. The plain facts of Plutarch’s own life may be given in a very short compass. He was born, probably, in the reign of Claudius, about 45 or 50. His native place was Chæronea, in Bœotia, where his family had long been settled and was of good standing and local reputation. He studied at Athens under a philosopher named Ammonius. He visited Egypt. Later in life, some time before 90, he was at Rome “on public business,” — a deputation perhaps, from Chæronea. He continued there long enough to give lectures which attracted attention. Whether he visited Italy once only, or more often, is uncertain. He was intimate with Sosius Senecio, to all appearances the same who was four times consul. The acquaintance may have sprung up at Rome, where Sosius, a much younger man than himself,* may have first seen him as a lecturer; or they may have previously known each other in Greece. To Greece and to Chæronea he returned, and appears to have spent in the little town, which he was loth “to make less by the withdrawal of even one inhabitant,” the remainder of his life. He took part in the public business of the place and the neighborhood. He was archon in the town, and officiated many years as a priest of Apollo, apparently at Delphi. He was married, and was the father of at least five children, of whom two sons, at any rate, survived to manhood. His greatest work, his Biographies, and several of his smaller writings, belong to this later period of his life, under the reign of Trajan. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 10 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1771 Online Library of Liberty: Plutarch’s Lives (Dryden trans.) vol. 1 Whether he survived to the time of Hadrian is doubtful. If 45 be taken by way of conjecture for the date of his birth, 120, Hadrian’s fourth year, may be assumed, in like manner, as pretty nearly that of his death. All that is certain is that he lived to be old; that in one of his fictitious dialogues he describes himself as a young man conversing on philosophy with Ammonius in the time of Nero’s visit to Greece, 66-67; and that he was certainly alive and still writing in 106, the winter which Trajan, after building his bridge over the Danube, passed in Dacia. “We are told,” he says, in his “Inquiry into the Principle of Cold,” “by those who are now wintering with the Emperor on the Danube, that the freezing of water will crush boats to pieces.” To this bare outline of certainties, several names and circumstances may be added from his writings; on which indeed alone we can safely rely for the very outline itself.