PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/99153 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-24 and may be subject to change. Sign-Spatiality in Kata Kolok Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. mr. S.C.J.J. Kortmann, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 6 november 2012 om 15.30 uur precies door Conny Leonie Gabriella de Vos geboren op 22 augustus 1983 te Eindhoven Promotoren Prof. dr. Stephen C. Levinson Prof. dr. Ulrike Zeshan (University of Central Lancashire) Prof. dr. Nicholas J. Enfield Manuscriptcommissie Prof. dr. A. Özyürek Prof. dr. Dan I. Slobin (University of California, Berkeley) Dr. Roland Pfau (University of Amsterdam) kË˔͑ΎՓ́ľĀǣľ̲ľ͑ҡѸ First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisors Stephen C. Levinson, Ulrike Zeshan, and Nicholas J. Enfield for giving me the opportunity to learn from their experience and expertise throughout my time at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics (MPI) and at the International Institute for Sign Languages and Deaf Studies (iSLanDS). Both institutes represent fostering and stimulating environments in which academic and personal growth constitute core values. I would like to thank all of the individuals I have had the pleasure of working with in both places for sharing their ideas and for their support. In Nijmegen, Preston, and beyond, many people have taken the time to discuss my research and there are a few people I would like to thank in particular: Melissa Bowerman†, Penny Brown, Niclas Burenhult, Chris Buskes, Onno Crasborn, Mark Dingemanse, Karen Emmorey, Susan Fisher, John B. Haviland, Adam Kendon, Ulf Liszkowski, Asifa Majid, I Gede Marsaja, Victoria Nyst, Sibaji Panda, Nick Palfreyman, Pamela Perniss, Waldemar Schwager, and Johan Siebers. This project would not have been possible without the support of the deaf and hearing inhabitants of Bengkala. I am grateful in particular to the deaf families for their cooperation and companionship during the times I spent in Bali. I would also like to thank the following village authorities: the Kepala Desa (Village Head) I Made Astika, the Keliandesa Adat (Head of Customs) I Made Kerada, and the Ketua BPD (Head of Village Elections) I Made Arpana. My research assistant I Ketut Kanta, who is the Ketua Kumpulan Kolok (Head of the Deaf Alliance) set-up in January 2011, deserves special mention. As a fluent Kata Kolok signer, he guided me through the initial stages of fieldwork and collected a substantial part of the corpus as it is today. During my time in Bengkala, inclusive deaf education was established as a collaborative project by I Ketut Kanta, myself, I Made Wijana (the Head of the Elementary School No. 2), i Drs. Putu Risma (the Head of the School for the Deaf (SLB) in Singaraja, and I Made Astika (the Village Head) in July 2007. I Ketut Kanta has been a dedicated teacher of the deaf children at this inclusive deaf unit, which is now supported by Leen and Tineke Molendijk (Vrienden van Effatha). My work in Indonesia was greatly facilitated by visits to the Jakarta Field Station of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology at Atma Jaya University. I would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and friendship: Thomas J. Conners, David Gil, Antonia Soriente, and Uri Tadmor. Given the nature of this PhD project, which also involved the formation of a digital archive of Kata Kolok, I have relied considerably on the technical and administrative support available at the MPI. Thanks go especially to Edith Sjoerdsma, Han Sloetjes, Dieter van Uytvanck, Ad Verbunt, Rick van Vierssen, and Nick Wood. I also received local technical support from I Gede Primantara. Both I Ketut Kanta and Ni Made Dadiastini have been involved in ELAN transcription activities. Febby Meilisa, a research assistant based at the Jakarta Field Station, proved invaluable by translating sections of the Kata Kolok corpus from Indonesian into English. This thesis would not have been as well written as it is today without the graceful editing skills of my dear friend Nick Palfreyman. In addition, the following people helped to polish earlier drafts: Onno Crasborn, Thomas J. Conners, Mark Dingemanse, Simeon Floyd, Helen L. Jones, Jitske Lotstra, Gary Lupyan, Stefan Mangnus, Thomas Op de Coul, Pamela Perniss, and Annelies van Wijngaarden. Tilman Harpe edited the handshapes in Figure 4.2-5. Nick Palfreyman provided the examples of British Sign Language in Figure 4.11-15. Keiko Sagara kindly posed for the pictures of Japanese Sign Language in Figure 14.1. I Made Wira Dharma produced the line drawings of signs based on snapshots stemming from ii video recordings. My dear friend Abel Groenewolt designed the diagrams throughout the thesis as well as the thesis cover. In het bijzonder wil ik graag mijn moeder, zus en zwager bedanken voor hun onvoorwaardelijke steun. Ook een speciaal dankjewel voor Erik Swaan, die mijn academisch commentaar serieus nam vanaf mijn eerste stappen in de taalkunde, en Marcel Verweij, Abel Groenewolt en Mirjam Iris Crox voor hun knuffels en enthousiasme. Tot slot wil ik graag al mijn vrienden en familie bedanken, ook hen die hier niet bij naam zijn genoemd. iii ҽȍľѸɗѸΎӕҡ́ɗ͑ľ Part I Introduction 1 When space is special: sign-spatial mapping Part II Preliminaries 2 Bengkala and Kata Kolok: a deaf village and its sign language 3 Research methodology 4 Structural aspects of Kata Kolok Part III Sign-spatiality at the discourse level 5 Sign-spatiality 6 Spatial deixis in Kata Kolok 7 Person reference in Kata Kolok 8 Temporal inference in Kata Kolok discourse Part IV Sign-spatiality and the dominance of the absolute Frame of Reference in Kata Kolok 9 Frames of Reference in sign languages 10 Simultaneous classifier constructions in narratives 11 The Nijmegen Space Games Part V The Kata Kolok pointing system: beyond sign-spatiality 12 Pointing: a brief literature review 13 Corpus analysis of spontaneous pointing signs 14 Functions and forms of Kata Kolok pointing 15 The semiotic ecologies of pointing Part VI Conclusion 16 Cross-linguistic conventionalisation of sign-spatiality iv ġľҡɗ́ľĀҡ¡́ľΎƸËΎ͑ҡľ͑ҡѸ Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... i Thesis outline .................................................................................................. iv Detailed table of contents ............................................................................. v List of figures ................................................................................................. xiii List of tables ................................................................................................. xvii List of examples ............................................................................................. xix Part I Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 1 When space is special: sign-spatial mapping .................................................................. 2 1.1 Conventionalisation of space across cultures and languages .................................. 2 1.2 Bengkala and Kata Kolok ........................................................................................ 4 1.3 A brief introduction to sign linguistics .................................................................... 5 1.4 Cross-linguistic variation in sign-spatial mappings ................................................ 7 1.4.1 Using the signing space to talk about space .................................................... 8 1.4.2 Grammatical person and the signing space ................................................... 11 1.4.3 Time and the signing space ........................................................................... 15 1.4.4 Spatial and non-spatial functions of sign-spatial mapping ........................... 17 1.5 Scope and structure of the thesis ........................................................................... 18 Part II Preliminaries .................................................................................... 21 2 Bengkala and Kata Kolok: a deaf village and its sign language ................................... 22 2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 22 2.2 Bengkala: a deaf village in the north of Bali ......................................................... 22 v 2.2.1 Village life in Bengkala ................................................................................. 25 2.2.2 The Kata Kolok signing community ............................................................. 26 2.2.3 The social construction of deafness in Bengkala .......................................... 28 2.3 Size of the signing community .............................................................................. 33 2.4 Acquisition of Kata Kolok ..................................................................................... 35 2.5 Time depth of Kata Kolok ..................................................................................... 40 2.6 Bilingualism and endangerment of Kata Kolok .................................................... 49 2.7 Previous