UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES AS PLACES OF POTENTIAL PUBLICNESS: EXPLORING THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PRACTICES IN EGE UNIVERSITY A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences of İzmir Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Architecture by Berna YAYLALI YILDIZ December 2014 İZMİR We approve the thesis of Berna YAYLALI YILDIZ Examining Committee Members: Assist. Prof. Dr. Ela ÇİL SAPSAĞLAM Department of Architecture, İzmir Institute of Technology Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adile ARSLAN AVAR Department of City and Regional Planning, İzmir Institute of Technology Assist. Prof. Dr. Tonguç AKIŞ Department of Architecture, İzmir Institute of Technology Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şebnem YÜCEL Department of Architecture, Yaşar University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Devrim SEZER Department of Political Science and International Relations, Izmir University of Economics 26 December 2014 Assist. Prof. Dr. Ela ÇİL SAPSAĞLAM Supervisor, Department of Architecture, İzmir Institute of Technology Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şeniz ÇIKIŞ Prof. Dr. R. Bilge KARAÇALI Head of the Department of Dean of the Graduate School of Architecture Engineering and Sciences ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my special gratitude to Ela Çil who accepted to be my mentor from the beginning until the end of the process of undertaking the research and providing invaluable guidance to this study. Thanks to dissertation committee Adile Avar and TonguçAkış for providing useful feedback and encouragement. Special appreciation is owed to ŞebnemYücel who was part of the dissertation committee until 2014 and then honored me as the outside member of dissertation committee, has been structuring practical and incipient ideas in organizing the research structure. I am also grateful to Devrim Sezer at İzmir University of Economics. I highly appreciated his class in political science theory that I took with him, which became a source of guidance for the study. I would like to thank The Scientific and Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) for offering me the honor and supporting my research in Utrecht University as a visiting research student with TUBITAK 2214 International Research Fellowship Program grant. I am also thankful to IzTech for financial support Research Fund Project (BAP- 2011İYTE35), I could visit different university campuses in Turkey through this funding. While doing research in Utrecht University, I had the opportunity to interact and received support from Bas Spierings; I thank him for his thoughtful criticism and advice. Also, I would in particular like to thank the students and academicians of Ege University who offered their time generously for interviews and give valuable data about the field. My friends have brought energy, motivation and fun into this process. My special acknowledgments and warm thanks are for my close friends Işın Can, DilekUlutaş and Pınar Kılıç who listened to my ideas and provided their ongoing encouragement through the study; SinemDemirel for her support during the writing process of dissertation and the students of CP 401 studio for providing continuous source of fun and support in the last year. I also thank inspiring music of Beethoven, Mozart and Frank Sinatra who encourage me to study at evenings. I am indebted to my lovely parents, Semra and İsmail Yaylalı, for being my biggest supporters and for their perpetual source of love and encouragement. I would have not been able to complete my work without feeling their love and faith in me. I would like to thank my dear Adnan Yıldız, who has listened to my worries with patience, made me laugh even in the worst times during the six years of my study. I loved sharing this achievement with him. ABSTRACT UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES AS PLACES OF POTENTIAL PUBLICNESS: EXPLORING THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PRACTICES IN EGE UNIVERSITY This paper explores the spatial potentials of university campuses for supporting and sustaining public practices in their premises. Through a socio-spatial analysis of students’ and academicians’ public practices in campus, this thesis questions how the university campuses could tell us about the production of publicness. This study aims to contribute to this growing literature through a case study conducted in the campus of Ege University, which a public university Izmir, Turkey. This thesis brings together two bodies of literature: public space and production of publicness in university campuses. In recent years, universities have increasingly begun to gain general acceptance in public space literature. The focus of this thesis is exploring different forms of publicness at social, cultural and political practices. While the role of universities for the production of publicness in general has been largely discussed in the literature, discussions leave out the question on the types of publicness that may occur in the universities, as well as how such publicness occurs in the university campus and the role that its spatial organization plays on that life. With an aim of integrating two sides of the literature intersecting public space with publicness of university campuses, I elaborate that universities are appropriate for such a connection since they are the public spaces of the educational life and produce a sense of public realm in general. My research method draws upon three realms of investigations. An exploratory method is developed for analyzing the role of spatial configuration of the university campus for sustaining a vivid public life from the perspective of students and academicians. Through analysis of spatial configuration of campus, observations in public spaces and interviews with students and academicians, this study aims to explore the various forms of publicness in Ege University campus. v ÖZET POTANSİYEL KAMUSAL ALAN OLARAK ÜNIVERSİTE KAMPÜSLERİ: EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ’NDE POLİTİK, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL EYLEMLERE DAİR BİR ARAŞTIRMA Bu tez; kendi alanları içinde kamusal pratiklerin desteklenmesi ve sürdürülmesinde üniversite kampüslerinin mekansal potansiyelini araştırmaktadır. Kamusallığın üretimi üzerine üniversite kampüslerinin neler söyleyebileceğini, öğrenci ve akademisyenlerin kampüsteki kamusal pratiklerinin sosyo-mekansal bir analizi üzerinden sorgular. Tezimiz, Türkiye’nin İzmir şehrinde bulunan bir devlet üniversitesi olan Ege Üniversitesi’nde yürütülmüş olan bir vaka çalışması üzerinden, gelişmekte olan bu literatüre katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu tez, iki ayrı literatür bütünlüğünü bir araya getirir: Kamusal alan ve Üniversite kampüslerinde kamusallığın üretimi. Son yıllarda kamu alanı literatürü genelinde üniversiteler giderek daha fazla kabul görmektedir. Bu tezin odağı; sosyal, kültürel ve siyasi pratiklerde kamusallığın farklı formlarını keşfetmektir. Üniversitelerin kamusallığın üretimindeki rolü literatürde geniş bir çapta tartışılmakla beraber; tartışmalarda üniversitelerde oluşabilecek kamusallığın tipleri, üniversite kampüsünde söz konusu kamusallığın nasıl oluştuğu ve kampüsteki mekansal organizasyonun kamusal yaşamda oynadığı role ilişkin sorgular çalışmanın dışında tutulmuştur. Kamusal alan ile Üniversite kampüslerinin kamusallığı olarak belirtmiş olduğumuz iki bütünü birbirine eklemlemek amacına dayanarak; eğitim yaşamının kamusal alanları olmaları ve genel olarak bir kamusallık üretiyor olmaları itibariyle üniversitelerin böyle bir bağlantı için uygun olduğunu kurgulamaktayım. Çalışma metodum üç araştırma alanından yararlanır. Öğrenci ve akademisyenlerin bakış açısından, kampüsün mekansal düzenlemesinin canlı bir kamusal yaşam sürdürmekteki rolünü analiz etmek adına keşifsel bir yöntem geliştirildi. Bu çalışma; kampüsün mekansal düzenlemesinin analizi, kamu alanlarında gözlemler ve öğrenci ve akademisyenlerle gerçekleştirilen röportajlar üzerinden, Ege Üniversitesi kampüsünde çeşitli formlardaki kamusallığı keşfetmeyi amaçlamaktadır. vi to1a1b... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 1.1. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 4 1.1.1. Defining Publicness of Space ........................................................ 4 1.1.2. University between Knowledge Production and Public Realm .. 15 1.1.3. Exploring the Political, Social and Cultural Practices ................ 19 1.2. Sources and Methods .......................................................................... 29 1.3. Structure of the Study ......................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 2. THE IDEA OF UNIVERSITY CAMPUS IN HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK IN EUROPE AND USA .......................................... 38 2.1. Rise of First University Campuses in 17th Century ............................ 38 2.2. Emergence of the Research University in the 19th Century ............... 45 2.3. Multiversity: A New University in the Post-War Period .................... 52 2.4. Universities After 1980s ..................................................................... 63 2.5. Section Remarks ................................................................................. 64 CHAPTER 3. PLANNING AND DESIGN ISSUES OF UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES IN TURKEY ........................................................................................