EXTANT AND FOSSIL SPIDERS (ARANEAE) BEITR. ARANEOL., 6 (2011) HEUTIGE UND FOSSILE SPINNEN (2011) 6 BEITR. ARANEOL., 6 (2011) Joerg Wunderlich (ed.) BEITR. ARANEOL., Joerg Wunderlich (ed.) In 21 papers – about 600 pages, more than 150 coloured photos – extant and fossil spiders (Araneae) of various families are treated. EXTANT AND FOSSIL SPIDERS (ARANEAE) Numerous new taxa are described, identification keys to the West- HEUTIGE UND FOSSILE SPINNEN Joerg Wunderlich Palaearctic genera of the Mygalomorpha as well as to several fami- lies of the Araneomorpha are given, e.g., Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae, and Zoridae (Liocranidae). Moreover events of wound repair/healing in extant and fossil spiders are reported, reversals in various structures of spiders are discussed, and conclusions on the evolution of higher spider taxa based on fossil spiders are drawn. Besides spiders in the ideology of two Creationists are treated. Orders for this volume: Publishing House Joerg Wunderlich Oberer Haeuselbergweg 24 69493 Hirschberg Germany E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-3-931473-12-2 AND FOSSIL SPIDERS (ARANEAE) EXTANT HEUTIGE UND FOSSILE SPINNEN BEITR. ARANEOL., 6 (2011) BEITRÄGE ZUR ARANEOLOGIE, 6 (2011) ISBN 978-3-931473-12-2 EXTANT AND FOSSIL SPIDERS (ARANEAE) 1 BEITR. ARANEOL., 6 (2011) Photos on the front cover of the book (for details see the part of the coloured photos): Top left: A fossil Juming Spider (Salticidae) in Baltic amber. Top right: A fossil member of the family Leptonetidae in Baltic amber. Middle left: A fossil spider of the family Anapidae in Baltic amber. Bottom left: An extant member of the family Gnaphosidae (Setaphis murphyi) from the Canary islands. Bottom right: A fossil member of the family Leptonetidae in Baltic amber. Fotos auf dem Buckdeckel (Einzelheiten im Fototeil): Oben links: Eine fossile Springspinne im Baltischen Bernstein. Oben rechts: Eine fossile Schlankbeinspinne (Familie Leptonediae) im Baltischen Bernstein. Mitte links: Eine fossile gepanzerte Zwerg-Radnetzspinne (Familie Anapidae) im Baltischen Bernstein. Unten links: Ein heutiger Vertreter der Familie Plattbauchspinnen (Setaphis murphyi, Gnaphosidae) von den Kanarischen Inseln. Unten rechts: Ein fossiler Vertreter der Schlankbeinspinnen in Baltischem Bernstein. 2 BEITR. ARANEOL., 6 (2011) EXTANT AND FOSSIL SPIDERS (ARANEAE) JOERG WUNDERLICH (ED.) Editor and author of most papers as well: Joerg Wunderlich © Publishing House: Joerg Wunderlich, 69493 Hirschberg, Germany Print: M + M Druck GmbH, Heidelberg. Orders for this volume: Publishing House Joerg Wunderlich Oberer Haeuselbergweg 24 69493 Hirschberg Germany E-Mail:[email protected] ISBN 978-3-931473-12-2 3 Segestriid Spider. See p. 175. Note the third pair of legs which is directed forward. – Taken from DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN & JOCQUE (1997): African Spiders 4 BEITR. ARANEOL., 6 (2011) CONTENTS (some titles are shortened here) page (1) Preface / Introduction, acknowledgements, material, techniques, methods of investigation ...........................................6 (2) On extant and fossil European Mangorini (Araneidae) . .9 (3) Taxonomy of extant and fossil (Eocene) European Gnaphosidae ..........19 (4) Spiders of the family Prodidomidae (Araneae) from Europe and and Madagascar . .98 (5) On European spiders of the family Liocranidae/Miturgidae/Zoridae . .108 (6) On extant and fossil (Eocene) holarctic Clubionidae ...................121 (7) On extant West-Palaearctic (mainly Southern European) spiders (Araneae) of various families, with new descriptions . .158 (8) Description of two new spider species of the erigonine genus Scutpelecopsis (Linyphiidae) .....................................339 (9) A new tribe and three new genera of Cobweb Spiders (Theridiidae) from Malaysia .................................................343 (10) Contribution to the spider (Araneae) fauna of the Canary Islands .........352 (11) New extant taxa of the spider family Theridiosomatidae (Araneae from Laos and on some fossil taxa) .........................427 (12) Some subrecent spiders (Araneae) in copal from Madagascar ...........445 (13) Some fossil spiders (Araneae) in Dominican amber. .461 (14) Some fossil spiders (Araneae) in Eocene European ambers. 472 (15) Some fossil spiders (Araneae) in Cretaceous ambers ..................539 (16) Evidence of wound repair/healing events in spiders. .558 (17) Reversals of some structures in the evolution of spiders, with remarks on the plagiognathy as well as the taxa Uraraneida, and Leptonetidae .....567 (18) Spiders (Araneae) in the ideology of two Creationists ..................591 (19) Corrections and supplements concerning vol. 5 of the Beitr. Araneol. (2008) . .599 (20) List of new suprageneric spider taxa which are described by WUNDERLICH in this volume ..................................601 (21) DEELEMAN-REINHOLD, C. & WUNDERLICH, J.: A new tibe of Cobweb Spiders (Theridiinae) from Borneo, Malaysia .........................602 (22) Books of the Publishing House Joerg Wunderlich .....................606 (23) The coloured photos (legends) . 608 (635) 5 BEITR. ARANEOL., 6 (2011) PREFACE / INTRODUCTION The evolution has an excessive preference for spiders (more than 40 000 described and more than 100 000 species to be expected). With reference to J. B. S. HALDANE regarding beetles; adapted to spiders Science is like sex. Sure, it may give some results, but that’s not why we do it. RICHARD FEYNMAN Is it not a shame that numerous excellent taxonomic researchers have to prostitute themselves by publishing in periodicals which are dominated by mainstream reviewers which suppress findings outside the mainstream? JW During the last twenty years or so I worked mainly on fossil spiders, and I waited for the time to come for finishing certain investigations on extant spiders. Most of these papers – for example on various spiders of Southern Europe and the Canary Islands, on the families Clubionidae and Gnaphosidae (*), on the Theridion melanurum species-group (Theridiidae) and on the genus Ariadna (Segestriidae) – are published in this volume 6 of the periodicle “Beitraege zur Araneologie” (BEITR. ARANEOL.). 20 papers by the editor (JW) and one paper shared with C. DEELEMAN-REINHOLD on extant and fossil spiders are included in this volume, other papers will probably be published in a further volume of this periodical. ----------------------------------------- (*) Descriptions of taxa of this family (and few others) are found in different papers in this volume in which they fit well, e. g. descriptions on gnaphosid taxa in the revision of the European genera of this family, within a paper on spiders from Southern Europe and on spiders from the Canary Islands as well. 6 Material: Most spiders are deposited in the collection of J. WUNDERLICH (CJW), some in the Senckenberg-Museum Frankfurt a. M. (SMF). Acknowledgements (see also the different papers, mainly on Southern European spi- ders (Ariadna)): I thank ALEX BEIGEL very much for some technical help like taking most of the photos with the help of a digital camera, THEO BLICK for sending numer- ous copies of papers to me, PETER JÄGER and JULIA ALTMANN (SMF) for the loan of material, and RUTHILD SCHÖNEICH for improving and correcting the English of several parts of the manuscripts. Thousands of fossil spiders were selected for my study by dealers. Techniques: I used a microscope/binocular from the firm LEITZ; in some cases I used a Minolta camera (slides), a digital camera was used for most photos applying a special technique – stacking (in German “Stacken” or “Schichtaufnahmen”) – which puts all layers in focus. For the clearing of vulvae of extant females I used pink oil, for the clear- ing of some amber pieces I used Bentylium benzoicum (C14H12O2) which may cause some problems. Methods of the investigations (see also WUNDERLICH (2008: 22-23)): General remarks on the method used by me to investigate relationships and construct possible cladograms. While searching for monophyletic groups/taxa and sister groups in my opinion it is most important to ask essential questions, probably best in the fol- lowing sequence: (1) Which characters have newly evolved (apomorphically) in the taxon in ques- tion which may be only a hypothetical monophyletic taxon at the beginning? See no.(6). (2) Which (morphological, ethological, ecological, biogeographical) characters are most special/peculiar/rare in the taxon in question? (The lower the number of char- acters the higher is the relative importance of special characters; this is not a matter of quantity! A quantitative analysis may cause quantitative nonsense). (3) (Or later) Which may be the sister taxon, which shows common derived characters (synapomorphies)? Which one is a suitable outgroup for comparison? (4) Which characters may have evolved convergently (analogous – or following the American newspeak – “homoplastic similarities”) characters, and which may be reversals? (*). Do “tendencies”/dispositions for certain characters exist? (*). (5) Are certain special rare/unusual characters linked with each other (existing in the same hypothetical monophyletic taxon)? (A very important matter in my opinion if the connection of certain – e.g. ecological and ethological – characters are consid- ered, too! See the paragraph on “tendencies” below). (6) Do fossils and/or gaps in former faunas exist which may provide conclusions on the phylogeny – e.g., apomorphic/plesiomorphic characters – rsp. the relationships of higher taxa? May fossils give hints at the origin