2011 NATIONAL REPORT (2010 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox Polish Reitox Focal Point “POLAND” New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues draft REITOX 1 Krajowe Biuro ds. Przeciwdziałania Narkomanii – National Bureau for Drug Prevention Warsaw, Poland 2011 Editor: Artur Malczewski Authors: Centrum Informacji o Narkotykach i Narkomanii – Reitox Polish Reitox Focal Point Poland Artur Malczewski - Head of NFP Michał Kidawa Marta Struzik Anna Strzelecka Katarzyna Sollich Krajowe Biuro ds. Przeciwdziałania Narkomanii - National Bureau for Drug Prevention Piotr Jabło ński Ph.D. – Director Bogusława Bukowska – Deputy Director Anna Radomska El żbieta Stawecka Dawid Chojecki Łukasz J ędruszak External expert: Magdalena Rosi ńska Ph.D. Kajetan Dubiel Janusz Sierosławski Translation: Paweł Nowocie ń 2 List of Contents Page Summary ........................................................................................................................ 4 Part A: New Developments and Trends ...................................................................... 12 1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis......................................... 11 2. Drug use in the general population and specific targeted-groups............................... 34 3. Prevention.................................................................................................................. 54 4. Problem Drug Use..................................................................................................... 70 5. Drug-Related Treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability.................... 72 6. Health Correlates and Consequences ....................................................................... 96 7. Responses to Health Correlates and Consequences................................................. 110 8. Social Correlates and Social Reintegration ............................................................... 116 9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prison............................... 125 10. Drug Markets............................................................................................................. 140 Part B: Selected Issue .................................................................................................. 147 11. Drug related health policies and services in prison................................................... 147 12. Drug users with children............................................................................................ 161 Part C ........................................................................................................................... 183 13. Bibliography.............................................................................................................. 181 o Alphabetic list of all bibliographic references used .................................................. 181 o Alphabetic list of relevant data bases ..................................................................... 185 o Alphabetic list of relevant Internet addresses……................................................... 183 14. Annexes.................................................................................................................... 186 o List of tables and graphs used in the text............................................................ 186 o List of abbreviations used in the text...................................................................... 190 o List of full references of laws in original language............................................... 191 Part D: Standard Tables and Structured Questionnaires ......................................... 192 3 Summary Prepared by Artur Malczewski, Dawid Chojecki Drug Policy The executive act the lays down the priorities serving both as the National Antidrug Strategy as well as the Action Plan is the National Drug Strategy 2010-20161. Since 2006 the National Programme has been a legal act of a regulation status. It promotes sustainable approach to the problem of drugs and drug addiction, balancing the tasks of drug demand reduction and drug supply reduction. The general aim of the programme is “Reducing drug use and drug-related social and health problems”. The existing programme has replaced the National Drug Strategy 2006-2010. In 2010 and the first half of 2011 the anti-drug law was subject to a number of modifications. One of the reasons was the attempt to stem the growth of illegal sale of uncontrolled psychoactive substances in Poland. The legal highs developments were broadly discussed in Polish National Report 2010. In order to counteract the phenomenon the Act on counteracting drug addiction was amended three times between the beginning of 2010 and mid-2011. The first amendment of June 2010 extended the list of controlled substances by mephedrone and 9 synthetic cannabinoids. The next amendment acted at the end of 2010 modified the definition of substitute drug and imposed a ban in placing this category of substances on the market. The Act on Sanitary Inspection was also amended by obliging the Inspection to control substitute drugs. Another amendment was developed and came into force in April 2011. It brought 23 other substances under legal control. Apart from the abovementioned changes, also in April 2011 a major amendment to the Act on counteracting drug addiction was passed. It was developed by a team of experts coordinated by the Ministry of Justice. The amendment introduced a number of crucial changes in the Polish anti-drug law. Probably the most important and frequently discussed and the most controversial change was the deregulation of small possession of drugs for private use. The amendment introduces Article 62a which gives the prosecutor and the judge an option to discontinue the criminal procedure towards individuals caught in possession of small amounts of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances for private use. General population studies Under monitoring drug use prevalence in the general population National Bureau for Drug Prevention and Millward Brown SMG/KRC conducted a qualitative study on a representative sample of 1001 Polish population in 2010 (15-75 year old, N = 1001). The study was concerned using psychoactive substances. The study was conducted face to face at 4 respondents’ homes by means of a computer and was based on the Omnibus approach. The results of the study show that the most prevalent drugs in Poland include cannabis (4%), legal highs (3%) and amphetamine (1%). Last year prevalence were: legal highs – 2%, cannabis – 1% and amphetamine – 0,5%. The survey “Psychoactive substance use among school adolescents – Youth 2010” was conducted by the Foundation of the Centre for Public Opinion Research (CBOS) between 15 October and 15 December 2010. The survey was conducted by means of the quantitative method on the nationwide random sample of 65 schools (one class per school) including general education secondary school, technical secondary schools and vocational schools. The survey included 1 246 students. Lifetime prevalence rate for cannabis use in 2010 was 35.7%, which is higher by 5% compared to 2008 (30.5%). In the last 12 months cannabis had been used by 18% of the students (compared to 16.4% in 2008). The rate for the last 30 days stands at 7.7% in 2010 (compared to 7% in 2008). 15% of the survey participants reported using cannabis 1 or 2 times. The survey participants answered the questions about the use of legal highs. In 2008, legal highs had been ever used by 3.5% of students. In 2010, this rate trebled to 11.4%. 7.2% of students admitted using legal highs in the last 12 months prior to survey (2.6% in 2008) and 1.1% in the last 30 days (1.5% in 2008). Only in the case of the last 30-day prevalence, the rates did not increase compared to 2008, which was the time when the legal highs scene started emerging. The lifetime prevalence use of tranquilizers and sedatives without doctor’s prescription is reported by 20% of students (22% in 2008). The last 12-month prevalence stands at 10% in 2010 compared to 11% in 2008. Finally, the last 30-day prevalence rates equal 4% and 5% respectively. In 2008, every tenth student (9%) reported a single episode of amphetamine use. In 2010, this rate fell to 7%. The last year prevalence rates for amphetamine use among students in 2010, stood at 4% and 3% in 2008. The rates for the last 30 days reached 1% in both measurements. In 2010, the highest proportion of students used amphetamines once or twice (3%), under nine times (2%). The frequency rate of 10 times and more is recorded among 1% of students. Prevention According to the Regulation of the Minister of National Education of 2002, the school is obliged to develop and implement school (universal) prevention programme in compliance with the curriculum and adequate to developmental needs of students and needs of the community. The obligation also refers to early identification of social maladjustment among school youth and providing psychological and pedagogical assistance for drug-endangered students and their parents. 5 In November 2010, the Minister of Education signed a package of regulations concerning the education of students with special educational needs, including legislation pertaining to the organization and provision of psychological and pedagogical assistance. In 2010, changes were introduced to the education law concerning the evaluation of the quality of education. The basic idea of the new model, introduced with the