Cultural heritage as specific landscape service Stimulus of cultural heritage in the Netherlands Erwin Luesink Wageningen University, October 2013 ii Cultural heritage as specific landscape service Stimulus of cultural heritage in the Netherlands This thesis is written as a final assignment for the master Landscape Architecture and Planning, specialisation Spatial Planning, at Wageningen University. Land Use Planning Group Droevendaalsesteeg 3A 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands Supervision: Dr. Ir. W.G.M. van der Knaap Prof. Dr. Ir. J. Janssen Examination: Prof. Dr. Ir. A. van den Brink Author: Erwin Luesink Reg. No. 861127-532-070 [email protected] MSc Thesis Land Use Planning (LUP-80436), 36 ECTS iii iv Abstract Faced with the changing financial, political and societal climate in the Netherlands, the heritage sector is forced into reorientation in order to remain economically viable. This reorientation requires an innovative perspective that helps to find alternative ways of support. In this thesis, a landscape services perspective is taken to look for new forms of stimulus for cultural heritage. Three estates are in this thesis examined from four dimensions, which appear to be central in the ongoing scientific debate around landscape services. The research has revealed that the disciplinary background of individuals can be used to increase services supply on estates. Setting out the investigation in two different distance zones, has revealed that also the influence of distance can be considered important for the amount, variation and locations of landscape services on estates. By mapping landscape services by means of GIS, a varied landscape configuration of estates has shown to be decisive for landscape service provisioning. However, these observations are not reflected in the policy documents of the governments in the case study areas. This research has shown that landscape services could be used as a method, which matches the services supply of an estate with the demand from the local society. The method therefore has the potential to trigger civil society to set up initiatives that could help the sector reorientate. Landscape services therefore deserve a much greater role in the search for stimulus of heritage in the Netherlands. Keywords: “Landscape services”, “cultural heritage”, “planning approach”, “landscape service indicators”, “mapping landscape services” v Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... v Summary .................................................................................................................................. xii Preface ..................................................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. xiv 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Problem description ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Problem statement ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Scientific context ......................................................................................................... 2 1.4. Research objective and research questions .................................................................. 4 1.5. Reading guide .............................................................................................................. 5 2. Research method ................................................................................................................ 6 2.1. Type of study ............................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Research steps.............................................................................................................. 6 2.3. Ethical considerations, validity and reliability ............................................................ 8 3. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................... 10 3.1. Defining heritage ....................................................................................................... 10 3.2. Heritage in the Netherlands ....................................................................................... 12 3.3. Dynamic cultural landscapes ..................................................................................... 13 3.4. Estates ........................................................................................................................ 15 3.5. Heritage and spatial planning .................................................................................... 18 3.6. Perspective for the future ........................................................................................... 20 3.7. Ecosystem services and landscape services............................................................... 21 3.8. Classification of services ........................................................................................... 30 3.9. Main results of the theoretical analysis ..................................................................... 34 4. Conceptual framework ..................................................................................................... 36 4.1. Quantitative vs. qualitative approach to determine the influence of the physical configuration of the landscape ............................................................................................. 36 4.2. Interdisciplinary construction through individual surveys ........................................ 40 4.3. Institutional levels and decision-making ................................................................... 41 4.4. The influence of distances ......................................................................................... 42 4.5. Translation into a conceptual model .......................................................................... 43 vi 5. Case study locations ......................................................................................................... 46 6. Distance zones for questionnaires .................................................................................... 57 6.1. Distance zones ............................................................................................................... 57 6.2. Selecting residences ...................................................................................................... 59 6.3. Questionnaire preparation and send out ........................................................................ 60 7. Results .............................................................................................................................. 61 7.1. Disciplines covered by the replied questionnaires ........................................................ 61 7.1.1. Received landscape services .................................................................................. 63 7.1.2. Relation between disciplinary background and received landscape services ........ 65 7.2. The effect of distance .................................................................................................... 69 7.2.1. The influence of distance on the received landscape services ............................... 70 7.2.2. Mapping visited areas and landscape services on estates ...................................... 72 7.3. The influence of the physical configuration on the received landscape services .......... 77 7.4. Institutional levels and decision making ....................................................................... 80 7.4.1. What governments write about estates in their policy documents ............................. 81 7.4.2. The opinion of the owners of the estates ................................................................ 83 8. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 86 8.1. The results in light of the related theoretical concepts .................................................. 86 8.2. The results in light of the objective and research questions .......................................... 88 8.3. Influence of the chosen methods ................................................................................... 88 9. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 89 9.1. Answer to the research questions .................................................................................. 89 9.2. Overall conclusion ......................................................................................................... 92 9.3. Hints for future research and the scientific contribution ............................................... 94 9.4. Some personal recommendations .................................................................................. 95 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 97 Appendix A – Example of used questionnaire ......................................................................