27/11/2014 Mastura Mahmud School of Social, Development and Environment Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 1 Capacity Building : through cohesive methodology to produce skilled individuals through social and cultural connections to foster greater understanding in ASEAN (ASEAN Community in 2015) Infrastructure : Technology required to develop, access and utilize information and data (softwares and hardwares) Human capital: learning and teaching of personnel to access, practice and utilize Institutions: programmes, curriculum development, facilities & structural organizations in agencies, universities (research) and system of government to enhance the understanding of the value of earth observation 2 1 27/11/2014 South East Asia is a fragmented area and is at risk to natural disasters due to its location. Storms, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes are examples of natural disasters that affect this region. Some problems are transboundary: forest fires, ashes and plumes from volcanos Physical and social impacts : mortality, damage to properties and infrastructures and to socio-economy of the society affected. 3 Economic loss People People Country Years Disasters (USD) affected killed Cambodia 1980‐2010 floods 536,110,000 16,679,643 321 (118 floods, 76 Indonesia 1980‐2010 earthquakes) 23,601,677,000 21,663,204 annual 698,813 6,209 Brunei 1980‐2010 wildfires 2,000,000 30 (floods, Lao 1980‐2010 storms) 429,779,000 4,998,868 945 Malaysia 1980‐2010 58 1,867,500,000 639,344 1239 Myanmar 1980‐2010 27 4,645,643,000 3,892,069 139,208 Philippines 1980‐2010 363 7,417,145,000 116,212,416 32,956 *** 2013Haiyan 13,000,000,000 4,800,000 8000 Singapore 1980‐2010 3 NA 2,238 36 Thailand 1980‐2010 105 6,022,747,000 64,154,322 11,922 *** 2011floods 24 billion THB 16,224,302 1,026 Vietnam 1980‐2010 159 7,955,750,0004 73,582,754 16,099 2 27/11/2014 Remote sensing is an activity of recording, monitoring or sensing objects or events from afar. In remote sensing, the sensor does not come in direct contact with the object. Information requires physical carrier to move from object to the sensor via the communication medium. Electromagnetic radiation is commonly used as a carrier of information in remote sensing.5 The output of a remote sensing system typically is in the form of an image that represents the object being monitored. Remote sensing technology is commonly referred to as obtaining information on the Earth's surface (land and sea) and atmosphere using sensors embedded on the device airborne (airplanes, balloons) or space-borne platforms (satellite, shuttle). 6 3 27/11/2014 Remote sensing is an activity of recording, monitoring or sensing objects from afar. The sensor does not come in direct contact with the object. Electromagnetic radiation typically carries information from objects on earth to sensors on satellites. The radiation transmitted from satellite to the station on earth. 7 The results of the remote sensing is in the form of an object image. Remote sensing technology obtains information about the earth (land, ocean and atmosphere) on board aircraft, balloons or satellites. 8 4 27/11/2014 The first satellite launched by the Soviet Union was Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957 is the premier of scientific achievement. The measuring probe has a diameter of 22 in and weighs 184 pounds. It orbited the Earth every 95 minutes with a speed of 29,000 miles per hour at an altitude of 900 km. The United States then launched the world's first weather satellite (TIROS-1) on 1 April 1960 and has been a pioneer in remote sensing to monitor the global environment to this day. 9 There are various satellites in the form of low to medium resolution satellites such as the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), or theDefense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). High resolution satellites observe high but not in real time can be obtained from images such as SPOT, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission (ASTER), Landsat, Quickbird etc. 10 5 27/11/2014 11 12 6 27/11/2014 Remote sensing has empowered the mapping, studying, monitoring and management of countless resources like agriculture, forestry, geology, water, ocean etc. Monitoring of environment facilitates in conservation. Remote sensing has become a main device for gathering information on almost every part on the earth. Very high spatial resolution satellites recently have increased the applications. 13 Low resolution but frequent images Movement of ashes from the Kelut volcano in Jawa, 13 Februariy 2014. Source: Space Science & Engineering Center University of Wisconsin -Madison14 7 27/11/2014 BEFORE AFTER (4 MTHS) Moderate resolution images (Source: Business Insider) 15 Smoke plumes transported Across boundaries 16 8 27/11/2014 Monitoring of fires is necessary especially in the case of future climate change. Occurrences of past events and uncertain climate trends from global warming in addition to the practice of the use of land as well as changes in population patterns might also alter the patterns of fire. Satellite technology has a role to play in monitoring the occurrences and spread of fire. 17 Shocking: API 23 Jun 2013: 25 Jun 2013: 7 AM 11 AM Muar: 746 Muar: 131 B Rambai: 346 B Rambai: 132 Melaka: 357 Melaka: 153 Kelang: 102 Kelang: 484 ASMC, Singapore Singapura:371 (1 pm on 20Jun) 100: UNHEALTHY 200: VERY UNHEALTHY 300: DANGEROUS 400: HAZARDOUS 18 9 27/11/2014 19 SPOT images for Palembang, July and August 1997 (N U Singapore) 20 10 27/11/2014 The Early Warning is aimed at producing maps of areas susceptible to forest fires (NUS, CRISP) The Detection and Monitoring from earth observation and meteorological satellites (SPOT and NOAA) for near real time data on the exact locations and extent of forest fires to the coordinating authority (ASMC). (Source: NUS, CRISP) SPOT satellite image of study area (K-J 299355-dated 29 July 1997) 21 Feb 2004 March 2004 April 2004 June 2004 July 2004 August 22 2004 11 27/11/2014 23 The Malaysian Air Pollutant Index (Mahmud, 2005) 24 12 27/11/2014 Spatial Kernel density of active fires from(a) MODIS Aqua, (b) MODIS Terra and (c) NOAA during August 2005. Source: Mahmud 2010 25 Comparison of the minimum central distance (mcmd) and the mean distance (mean) in Sumatera for the Terra, Aqua and NOAA satellites. 26 13 27/11/2014 Scientific Report on the Haze Event in Peninsular Malaysia in August 2005 (Part I & Part II) 27 Without realizing it, every breath that we breathe contains millions of solid particles and liquid drops consisting of various size, shape and chemical composition. Aerosol is defined as a mixture of gas and liquid or solid floating in the atmosphere. Atmospheric aerosol contains various types that exist naturally as soil dust and sand storms, volcanic fires of forest and grass, pollen, spores and bacteria, sea salt, water drops and cloud drops (McMurray 2000) of various ecosystems such as mountains, deserts, land, oceans and forests. 28 14 27/11/2014 AOD in August of 2005 (a) 1-31Aug, (b) 1-7 Ogos, (c) 8-14 Aug dan (d) 15-21 Aug Source: Mahmud 2010 29 High resolution satellite images during the tsunami in Bandar Aceh In 2004 30 15 27/11/2014 NASA 31 Water vapour image 32 16 27/11/2014 Case study: Tropical Cyclone Vamei (Grandau and Engle, 2002). 33 34 17 27/11/2014 Observed Rainfall Gauge Data, 27 & 28 Dec 2001 27 Dec 2001 35 21 Oct 2008 36 18 27/11/2014 37 38 19 27/11/2014 Infra-red image Water vapour image With global warming, stroms are More furious and bigger 39 40 20 27/11/2014 41 Locations near the coast, and over the flat plains of the paddy fields 42 21 27/11/2014 43 44 22 27/11/2014 El Nino detection El Niño is a global weather phenomenon, whose impacts cause global famines, floods (The Guardian). El Niño is a giant pool of warm water found in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, that sets off a chain reaction of weather events around the world. During an El Nino event, India and Australia are affected by drought, where the weaker monsoon rains reduces the fragile food supply. However, in the US, El Niño is seen as the “great wet hope” whose rains break the searing drought in the west. In Southeast Asia, El Nino causes drought and exacerbate the forest fires. 45 El Niño is large-scale warming of the surface tropical Pacific Ocean. El Niño events occur every 3-6 years, last 9-12 months, sometimes even up to 18 months, and impacts the world weather. The major impacts of El Niño are temperature anomalies, changes in precipitation, floods and droughts throughout the world. El Niño events happen irregularly and can be predicted by the numerical climate models successfully. El Niño forecasting is becoming more and more reliable (ProQuest) 46 23 27/11/2014 The mechanism of the EL Nino phenomenon Sea surface temperature anomaly in the Pacific Ocean 47 Tropical Atmospheric Project (TAO) 48 24 27/11/2014 Corals are vulnerable to bleaching when the SST exceeds the temperatures normally experienced in the hottest month. The Coral Bleaching HotSpot product highlights regions where the SST is warmer than the highest climatological monthly mean SST for that location. The HotSpot value of 1°C is a threshold for thermal stress leading to coral bleaching. Global images and data sets are at 0.5-degree (50-km) resolution and are updated twice-weekly. (NASA) 49 50 25 27/11/2014 Climate Change Related Issues • Deforestation and Carbon Footprints Before After 51 LANDUSE LANDCOVER CHANGES IN NUSAJAYA, JOHOR 52 26 27/11/2014 53 54 27 27/11/2014 GOSAT (Greenhouse Observing SATellite (IBUKI) 55 56 28 27/11/2014 The only way to avoid catastrophic climate change is to take major steps to reduce global fossil fuel consumption quickly.