Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. EENY-028 Deer Flies, Yellow Flies and Horse Flies, Chrysops, Diachlorus, and Tabanus spp.1 J. M. Squitier2 because of the availability of suitable habitat. Florida's mild climate and large permanently wet and Introduction undeveloped areas provide good breeding areas. The family Tabanidae, commonly known as Description horse flies, and deer flies, contains pests of cattle, horses and humans. In Florida there are 35 species of Eggs: Eggs are laid in masses ranging from 100 Tabanidae that are classed as economically to 1000 eggs. Eggs are laid (Figure 1) in layers on a important. Horse flies are in the genus Tabanus, deer vertical surface such as overhanging foliage, flies are in the genus Chrysops. The yellow fly, projecting rocks, sticks and aquatic vegetation. Diachlorus ferrugatus (Fabricius), is known as a Aquatic vegetation is most preferred. A shiny or fierce biter in Florida. Like mosquitoes, it is the chalky secretion, which aids in water protection, often female fly that is responsible for inflicting a bite. The covers eggs. The vertical surfaces on which the eggs males are mainly pollen and nectar feeders. Tabanids are deposited are always directly over water and wet are most likely encountered in hot summer and early ground favorable to the development of larvae. The fall weather. They are active during daylight hours. female will not deposit egg masses on vegetation that is too dense (Figure 2). Eggs are initially a creamy white color but soon darken to gray and black (Figure Distribution 3). Eggs are cylindrical in shape and measure from 1 to 2.5 mm in length. Eggs hatch in five to seven days, Horse flies and deer flies are world-wide in depending upon ambient weather conditions, and the distribution. They are, however, unreported in larvae fall to the moist soil and water below. Hawaii, Greenland, and Iceland. In the United States, Larvae: Larvae use a hatching spine to break out Florida produces a large population of tabanids of the egg case. The larvae are aquatic, semi-aquatic 1. This document is EENY-028, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: April, 1998. Revised: November 2003. This document is also available on Featured Creatures Website at http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu. Please visit the EDIS Website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Additional information on these organisms, including many color photographs, is available at the Entomology and Nematology Department Website at http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/ 2. J. M. Squitier, graduate assistant, Entomology and Nematology Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, age, handicap, or national origin. For information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension Service office. Florida Cooperative Extension Service/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences/University of Florida/Christine Taylor Waddill, Dean. Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. Deer Flies, Yellow Flies and Horse Flies, Chrysops, Diachlorus, and Tabanus spp. 2 Figure 1. A deer fly, Chrysops cincticornis, laying eggs. Credits: Jerry Butler, University of Florida Figure 3. Deer fly egg mass after darkening. Credits: Jerry Butler, University of Florida when it is ready to pupate. Within two days after Figure 2. Habitat for egg laying. Credits: John Capinera, moving to the surface the pupal stage is reached. University of Florida or terrestrial. Chrysops spp. are termed "hydrobionts" and are found in areas with high water content. Tabanus spp. prefer dryer substrates and are "hemi-hydrobionts". The larvae taper at each end and are usually whitish in color, but also can be brownish or green depending on the species (Figure 4). Black bands are found around each segment of the body in Figure 4. Tabanid larva. Credits: Jason M. Squitier, many species. The larva breathes through a tracheal University of Florida siphon located at their posterior end. The larva has a small head and 11 to 12 additional segments. Larvae Pupa: The pupae (Figure 5) are brown colored, pass through six to nine stadia. The time spent in the rounded anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, and have leg larval stage can last from a few months to a year. The and wing cases attached to the body. There is a row of larvae of Chrysops feed upon organic matter in the spines encircling each abdominal segment. A pupal soil. Tabanus spp. feed upon insect larvae, "aster" consisting of six pointed projections is located crustaceans, and earthworms. Even though the at the apex of the abdomen. The pupal stage generally Tabanus spp. are considered to be carnivorous and lasts from two to three weeks. cannibalistic, reports of as many as 120 larvae per square yard have been found. The larva moves into Adult: The adult fly emerges from the pupal the upper 2.5 to 5.0 cm of the soil, where it is drier, case via a slit located along the thorax of the case. In most species the males emerge before the females. Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. Deer Flies, Yellow Flies and Horse Flies, Chrysops, Diachlorus, and Tabanus spp. 3 Figure 5. Tabanid pupa. Credits: Jason M. Squitier, University of Florida After emergence of both sexes, the flies mate. Mating starts with the male pursuing the female. Mating is initiated in the air and completed on the ground. The Figure 7. Adult yellow fly, Diachlorus ferrugatus female then deposits an egg mass and is ready to seek (Fabricius). Credits: Jerry Butler, University of Florida a host. Adult Tabanidae are large flies with broad bodies and bulging eyes. The males are easily differentiated from female flies because eyes are contiguous in the males and widely separated in the females. The antennae are three segmented. The thorax and abdomen are covered with fine hairs. Deer flies (Figure 6) range in length from 7 to 10 mm while horse flies are from 10 to 25 mm. The deer flies are yellow to black, have stripes on the abdomen, and possess mottled wings with dark patches. Yellow flies (Figure 7) are yellowish with the same body shape of deer flies, but have dark purple to black eyes marked with florescent green lines. Horse flies (Figure 8) are black to dark brown with green or black eyes. Adult Figure 8. Adult horse fly, Tabanus sp. Credits: James deer flies have apical spurs on the hind tibiae that are Castner, University of Florida not present in horse flies. Life Cycle Adult tabanids are encountered in Florida between the months of May and September. Most species overwinter in the larval stage and pupate during the spring and early summer. An egg mass has been found as early as May 5th and as late October 13th. Most have a year-long life cycle but some larger species may take two or three years. Adult life span is 30 to 60 days. Damage Figure 6. Adult deer fly, Chrysops sp. Credits: James Tabanids lie in wait in shady areas under bushes Castner, University of Florida and trees for a host to happen by. Sight is the main host finding mechanism, but carbon dioxide and odor also play a role. Moving objects, especially if dark colored, are most prone to attack. Attacks occur during daylight hours with a peak beginning at Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. Deer Flies, Yellow Flies and Horse Flies, Chrysops, Diachlorus, and Tabanus spp. 4 sunrise and lasting three hours. A second peak is two catch large numbers of flies by simply being in their hours before sunset and commences shortly after. flight paths or by the use of attractants (Figure 11), Attack frequency is low on overcast days or at such as CO and octenol. These traps are mostly 2 temperatures below 22 and above 32 degrees Celsius. useful for sampling. For personal protection, long On livestock, biting occurs on the abdomen, legs, and sleeve shirts and pants in combination with a neck. Tabanids inflict deep wounds that cause a flow repellent containing diethyltoluamidae (DEET), of blood. The mandibles and maxillae penetrate the citronella, or geraniol are affective. For livestock, skin in a scissor-like action. Anticoagulants in the pyrethroid pour-ons function as limited repellents. saliva are pumped into the wound and the blood is Self-applicating methods are not effective for horse ingested through the sponging labella. Pathogens may flies. Ear tags and head collars impregnated with be transmitted from flies that are disturbed while insecticides have had success in control. For removal feeding on one animal and begin feeding on another. trapping, recent research has shown that blue It is known that deer flies can mechanically vector cylinders (inverted cups, for example) coated with Tularemia and Loa loa, and horse flies transmit sticky material and attached to slow moving (<7 Anthrax. Fly attacks result in lowered gains and low mi/hr) objects (the front of a truck or riding milk production in livestock animals. In 1976, lawnmower) or on top of a cap worn atop a person's estimated losses in the United States were at 40 head are effective at reducing the abundance of these million dollars.