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bsolute pressure vacuum closed vessel 3 ;8 3 !!2 !"" " !! !# !! '% Level measurement open vessel 3 ';< 3 ' ! " ! 2 ! " ! '(' : ! . R Level measurement closed vessel 3 %;< ' 3 % ! " ! ! 2 !"" " ! " " ! ! ,9 . Flow measurement 3 (;3 8 3 ( ! " " 2 !""" !" " ! '(. '1 2 " " # " !"" 3 ' "# " ! ! # "!"" '% # " 9 : ! 1 R +#! 2# 44!(44 # ! !" #! (2 # '. " + # 9 " ! "#! ! 3 .;,# 2# !#! !/#! !! !" " !! 3 1 ! " 2 ! ! ! 8 == ! ! " : ! R Accumulator charged at Accumulator discharged at max. operating pressure min. operating pressure 3 1;8 2" # ! " 3 ;> : ! ) R 8 # " " ! # & ! " # 3 ) push pull turn press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p = A %B C; 7BC; " 4B'C; 2" 3 ! " 2 ! A 6 2 - " ; " " 2 ! " ! ! " %8 - ; " 9 " " ! ##!! #! $ 3 D3 " ! ρ ρ ' FpA= %B C; 7BC; " 4B'C; 2 !"! 2! " !"! ! # ' " " " ! " "" #= = A ' R 3 ;8 ! ! 2 - ; " " ! A: ! " ! 2 " !:" !! " ! :" " ! !" !! # " 3 ! " !" 6 8 ! "! ! ##" 5 ! ! ! ! ! 2 !!" " 6 ! " # #! ! bar 3 4;6 : !" ! :" " 9 ! ! # 3 !!" ! ! # ! 2 ! ! # !" ! 2 " ! 3 ! - # " " !! % R 3 ;: ! '' " 2 : # E ! 5 " !!" :*# !!:%(2 " ; FF8 98 ; " " 2 - " G ! # " - " ! " H! ! 2 # : " " !"! " I <; J3 F ∗ K 8" ! # " !# " : ≅4L ' ( R ,9 8 " ! " M + 9!D # " - "9 " ∗ ; 798 9 N M %9 ; !! 4L M ! ! " 9 " ! 9 )L M 29 8 !" " ; + 2 % 99 2 # ! #2# # - 9 8 ! 9 ! 9!#" " "4 ( "4 M - " 2 2 !99 ,9 ' G ! "M+ # 9D 8 ! # ; ∗ m 70kg 10 2 p ≅ s =∗7106Pa = 70 b ar 10−42m 6 ! 42" ∗ ,9 ' # " " , '(% . R # ! 2" 9 9 : 9 29 $ 9 % 9 9 9 3(& 3(& *(3 / - 8 ; ; # : ; 2; # % ; ! - 2 " 9 ! ; 93(&- 2 ! ! : !"! 2 !# = = "4%2 !! ! '('! ! '. ! $ #9 ! 2 " !! 2 # 9 8 " # ! O : # " " 2O !!" # " H # 3 9 9; ! 39/; 2 ! - !, ! # 2 $ ! + # !!" !:"" 9 7 ! " ! ! " ! ! ! ! !"" $ 3 ': " ! " # !"" !! $ ! 1 R air pressure 3 '; 6 # :" " ! #! ! ! 9" " #!" ! " !"" + 3 % # " ! # 2# ! " 3 ! 9 # : ! " ! # barometer 3 %; # '% 2# " 2 9 " " 2" ! "! ! 7 ! !! ! H !! "# " R 2 !"" 7 " ! 3 '2 ! !' : !! # !"" ; 1 %∝%/% $! " ; !'# ' ' !"!" ! ; 7! !"" ! ; ! !"" >!* >* !* * ; %9 % ; %9 ! ; ! ; :" ! ! !"" ! 2 ! ! : !! " :14)1 9 # ! '( < '( & "! - # !!" - ! ! 2# ! !#" ; & > ! ! #!! 2 " : " ! # 9 : <- ! #! ! !! 2 "9 #! ! #! 2 8 ! ! " " !; • 2 " "- "" 2 !"" ! " ) R • # 3 " !" ; #" :"! " " " ! " ! #" :! : " #" " .