UNIWERSYTET RZESZOWSKI WYDZIAŁ FILOLOGICZNY INSTYTUT FILOLOGII ANGIELSKIEJ Judyta Pawliszko A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF MEXICAN-AMERICAN BILINGUALISM: SPANGLISH AS A CULTURAL PHENOMENON Socjolingwistyczna analiza bilingwizmu wśród społeczności meksykańsko-amerykańskiej: Spanglish jako zjawisko kulturowe Rozprawa doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem dr hab. prof. UR Agnieszki Uberman Promotor pomocniczy: dr Małgorzata Martynuska Rzeszów 2018 I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors dr hab. prof. UR Agnieszka Uberman and dr Małgorzata Martynuska for the continuous support of my Ph.D study and research, for patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER ONE: BILINGUALISM ......................................................................................... 18 1.1 First/primary language – second/other language ..................................................................... 20 1.2 The scholarly concept of bilingualism ..................................................................................... 22 1.3 Typology of bilingualism ........................................................................................................ 25 1.3.1 Societal versus individual bilingualism ................................................................................ 26 1.3.2 Balanced versus dominant bilingualism ............................................................................... 31 1.3.3 Natural versus school bilingualism ....................................................................................... 33 1.3.4 Compound, co-ordinate versus subordinate bilingualism ..................................................... 34 1.3.5 Early versus late bilingualism ............................................................................................... 38 1.3.6 Additive versus recessive bilingualism ................................................................................ 42 1.4 Diglossia and bilingualism ...................................................................................................... 45 1.5 Research on bilingualism ......................................................................................................... 48 1.6 Two languages – two worlds? ................................................................................................. 52 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 64 CHAPTER TWO: BILINGUAL SPEECH CHARACTERISTICS ....................................... 65 2.1 Interference .............................................................................................................................. 65 2.2 Borrowings .............................................................................................................................. 70 2.3 Code-switching ........................................................................................................................ 76 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 87 CHAPTER THREE: SPANGLISH DEVELOPMENT ........................................................... 88 3.1 Assumptions behind Spanglish ................................................................................................ 88 3.2 Types of Spanglish .................................................................................................................. 97 3.3 The linguistic features of Spanglish ...................................................................................... 101 3.4 Hybrid nature of Spanglish .................................................................................................... 109 3.5 Promoting Spanglish .............................................................................................................. 112 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 118 CHAPTER FOUR: MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS IN LOS ANGELES ................................. 119 4.1 Historical panorama of Mexican immigration to the USA .................................................... 119 4.2 Geographical distribution ...................................................................................................... 130 4.3 Characteristic of the surveyed diaspora ................................................................................. 133 4.4 Linguistic situation of Mexicans in Los Angeles .................................................................. 139 4.5 Ethnic identity and cultural situation of Mexicans in Los Angeles ....................................... 144 4.5.1 Research design .................................................................................................................. 158 4.5.2 Data analysis ....................................................................................................................... 159 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 165 CHAPTER FIVE: DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 166 5.1 Social view of bilingualism and Spanglish ............................................................................ 166 5.2 Individual bilingualism .......................................................................................................... 179 5.2.1 Research design .................................................................................................................. 179 5.2.2 Gabriela’s bilingualism ....................................................................................................... 180 5.2.3 María’s bilingualism ........................................................................................................... 183 5.2.4 José’s bilingualism ............................................................................................................. 186 5.2.5 Daniel’s bilingualism .......................................................................................................... 189 5.2.6 Alejandra’s bilingualism ..................................................................................................... 192 5.2.7 Ernesto’s bilingualism ........................................................................................................ 195 5.3 Mexican-American immigrants’ speech characteristics ........................................................ 198 5.3.1 Interference ......................................................................................................................... 201 5.3.2 Borrowings ......................................................................................................................... 205 5.3.2.1 Thematic classification of borrowings ............................................................................. 208 5.3.2.2 Quotations ........................................................................................................................ 214 5.3.2.3 Phonological adaptation .................................................................................................. 216 5.3.2.4 Morphological adaptation ................................................................................................ 218 5.3.3 Code-switching ................................................................................................................... 220 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 233 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 234 STRESZCZENIE......................................................................................................................... 241 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 2653 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 265 Appendix 1. Questionnaire for monolingual and bilingual speakers. .......................................... 265 Appendix 2. Questionnaire for bilingual immigrants. ................................................................. 269 Appendix 3. A set of questions used in the examination of a case study. ................................... 274 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 277 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 Monolingualism-bilingualism continuum ................................................................. 28 FIGURE 2 BIMOLA