Contents List of Illustrations xiii Preface xv General introduction 1 part one. BoomIng metropolIs .1 The metropolitan Panorama 9 1. Jules laforgue, Berlin: The Court and the City (1887) 13 2. Wilhelm loesche, Berlin North (1890) 16 3. mark twain, The German Chicago (1892) 17 4. Heinrich schackow, Berolina: A Metropolitan Aesthetic (1896) 19 5. alfred Kerr, Berlin and London (1896) 25 6. alfred Kerr, The Transformation of Potsdamer Strasse (1895, 1897) 27 7. max osborn, The Destruction of Berlin (1906) 30 8. Werner sombart, Vienna (1907) 31 9. robert Walser, Good Morning, Giantess! (1907) 33 10. august Endell, The Beauty of the Great City (1908) 35 11. oscar Bie, Life Story of a Street (1908) 41 12. robert Walser, Friedrichstrasse (1909) 41 13. max Weber, Speech for a Discussion (1910) 44 14. Vorwärts, [town Hall tower Panorama] (1902) 44 15. Ernst Bloch, Berlin, Southern City (1915–16) 46 2. Building and regulating the metropolis 49 16. Theodor Goecke, Traffic Thoroughfares and Residential Streets (1893) 52 17. rudolf adickes, The Need for Spacious Building Programs in City Expansions and the Legal and Technical Means to Accomplish This (1895) 55 v vi Contents 18. Vorwärts, [deforestation around Berlin] (1908) 57 19. Die Bank, [speculation in tempelhof] (1910–11) 57 20. P. A. A. [Philip a. ashworth], Berlin (1911) 59 21. Walter lewitz, Architectural Notes on the Universal Urban Planning Exhibition, Berlin (1911) 62 22. Various authors, The Greater Berlin Competition 1910: The Prize-Winning Designs with Explanatory Report (1911) 64 23. Cornelius Gurlitt, Review of Greater Berlin and The Greater Berlin Competition 1910 (1911) 69 24. sigmund schott, The Agglomeration of Cities in the German Empire: 1871–1910 (1912) 72 25. Patrick abercrombie, Berlin: Its Growth and Present State (1914) 73 .3 Production, Commerce, and Consumption 77 26. Georg simmel, The Berlin Trade Exhibition (1896) 80 27. albert Hoffmann, The Wertheim Department Store in Leipziger Strasse (1898) 84 28. robert Walser, Aschinger’s (1907) 88 29. Karl scheffler, The Retail Establishment (1907) 91 30. leo Colze, The Department Stores of Berlin (1908) 94 31. Erich Köhrer, Berlin Department Store: A Novel from the World City (1909) 97 32. Karl scheffler, Peter Behrens (1913) 98 33. Karl Ernst osthaus, The Display Window (1913) 101 34. Paul Westheim, Nordstern: The New Administration Building in Berlin-Schöneberg (1915) 104 4. Public transport and infrastructure 107 35. anonymous, The Concourse of the Anhalter Station (1880) 111 36. alfred Kerr, New and Beautiful!—Bülowstrasse? (1900) 112 37. richard Peterson, The Traffic Problems Inherent in Large Cities and the Means of Solving Them (1908) 115 38. Karl scheffler, The Elevated Railway and Aesthetics (1902) 118 39. august Endell, The Beauty of the Great City (1908) 122 40. anonymous, The Northern Loop: A Journey on the Ring Railway (1913) 125 41. Peter Behrens, The Influence of Time and Space Utilization on Modern Design (1914) 127 42. Karl Ernst osthaus, The Railway Station (1914) 129 .5 The Proletarian City 134 43. Theodor Goecke, The Working-Class Tenement Block in Berlin (1890) 137 44. otto von leixner, Letter Eight: A Suburban Street in New Moabit (1891) 143 45. Heinrich albrecht, The Working-Class Tenement Buildings of the Berlin Savings and Building Society (1898) 145 46. alice salomon, A Club for Young Working Women in Berlin (1903) 148 Contents vii 47. Werner sombart, Domesticity (1906) 150 48. albert südekum, Impoverished Berlin Dwellings—Wedding (1908) 153 49. Clara Viebig, Our Daily Bread (1907) 157 50. Karl scheffler, The Tenement Block (1911) 158 51. Käthe Kollwitz, Diary Entry, 16 April 1912 163 52. max Jacob, From Apartment House to Mass Apartment House (1912) 164 53. Victor noack, Housing and Morality (1912) 167 6. Public realm and Popular Culture 172 54. Paul lindau, Unter den Linden (1892) 176 55. anonymous, The New Prison for Berlin at Tegel (1900) 179 56. alfred Kerr, In the New Reichstag (1900) 180 57. Freisinnige Zeitung, [a military Parade] (1900) 181 58. Berliner Tageblatt, [a sunday in Berlin] (1903) 182 59. Hans ostwald, Berlin Coffeehouses (c. 1905) 183 60. Brüstlein, The Rudolf Virchow Hospital in Berlin (1907) 187 61. Jules Huret, Bruno Schmitz’s “Rheingold” for Aschinger (1909) 189 62. anonymous, New Buildings Planned for Museum Island, Berlin (1910) 190 63. Wilhelm Bode, Alfred Messel’s Plans for the New Buildings of the Royal Museums in Berlin (1910) 192 64. Paul Westheim, Ludwig Hoffmann’s School Buildings in Berlin (1911) 193 65. max Wagenführ, The Admiral’s Palace and Its Bathing Pools (1912) 196 66. Fritz stahl (pseud. siegfried lilienthal), The Berlin City Hall (1912) 199 67. Else lasker-schüler, The Two White Benches on the Kurfürstendamm (1913) 200 68. Bruno taut, The Problem of Building an Opera House (1914) 201 69. anonymous [Joseph adler?], The Opening of the Tauentzien Palace Café (1914) 204 .7 The Bourgeois City 206 70. Theodor Fontane, The Treibel Villa (1892) 210 71. alfred Kerr, Herr Sehring Builds a Theater Dream (1895) 211 72. alfred Kerr, Up and Down the Avenues (1898) 212 73. Walther rathenau, The Most Beautiful City in the World (1899) 214 74. alfred Kerr, New Luxury, Old Squalor (1900) 217 75. Hermann muthesius, The Modern Country Home (1905) 218 76. Edmund Edel, Berlin W. (1906) 221 77. max Creutz, Charlottenburg Town Hall (1906) 223 78. max Creutz, The New Kempinski Building (1907) 225 79. maximilian rapsilber, Hotel Adlon (1907) 229 80. robert Walser, Berlin W. (1910) 230 81. robert Walser, The Little Berlin Girl (1909) 232 82. Walter lehwess, The Design Competition for Rüdesheimer Platz (1912) 237 83. Wilhelm Borchard, The Picnic Season (1914) 239 84. Paul Westheim, Building Boom (1917) 242 viii Contents 8. The Green outdoors 245 85. Wilhelm Bölsche, Beyond the Metropolis (1901) 248 86. Heinrich Hart, Statutes of the German Garden City Association (1902) 250 87. Hans Kampffmeyer, The Garden City and Its Cultural and Economic Significance (1906–7) 251 88. Heinrich Pudor, The People’s Park in Greater Berlin (1910) 256 89. Karl Ernst osthaus, Garden City and City Planning (1911) 258 90. anonymous, Lietzensee-Park in Charlottenburg (1912) 260 91. Hannes müllerfeld, Down with the Garden City! (1914) 260 92. max osborn, The Fairy-Tale Fountain in the Friedrichshain, Berlin (1914) 261 93. Paul Westheim, Workers’ Housing Estate at Staaken (1915) 264 94. martin Wagner, Urban Open-Space Policy (1915) 267 95. Bruno taut, The Falkenberg Garden Suburb near Berlin (1919–20) 268 part tWo. WorlD War I anD the CIty 9. City in Crisis 273 96. Bruno taut, A Necessity (1914) 276 97. Vorwärts, [War or not] (1914) 278 98. General Gustav von Kessel, Berlin in a State of War: Proclamation of the Commander-in-Chief in the Marches (1914) 279 99. H. B., [War Fever in Berlin, august 1914] 280 100. Berliner Tageblatt, [Berlin Potato shortage] (1915) 281 101. anonymous, Competition for Greater Berlin Architects (1916) 282 102. Berliner Tageblatt, Demonstration in Berlin (1918) 283 103. Friedrich Bauermeister, On the Great City (1918) 284 104. Walter Gropius, The New Architectural Idea (1919) 286 105. leopold Bauer, The Economic Unsustainability of the Large City (1919) 288 10. Critical responses 291 106. Paul Wolf, The Basic Layout of the New City (1919) 293 107. Bruno taut, The City Crown (1919) 295 108. otto Bartning, Church Architecture Today (1919) 302 109. Peter Behrens and Heinrich de Fries, On Low-Cost Building (1919) 303 110. Käthe Kollwitz, Diary Entry, 11 September 1919 307 111. Hermann muthesius, Small House and Small-Scale Housing Development (1920) 307 part three. Weltstadt—WorlD CIty 11. Planning the World City 315 112. martin mächler, The Major Population Center and Its Global Importance (1918) 319 Contents ix 113. Bruno möhring, On the Advantages of Tower Blocks and the Conditions under Which They Could Be Built in Berlin (1920) 324 114. siegfried Kracauer, On Skyscrapers (1921) 326 115. martin mächler, On the Skyscraper Problem (1920–21) 329 116. Joseph roth, If Berlin Were to Build Skyscrapers: Proposals for Easing the Housing Shortage (1921) 332 117. adolf Behne, The Competition of the Skyscraper Society (1922–23) 334 118. Egon Erwin Kisch, The Impoverishment and Enrichment of the Berlin Streets (1923) 336 119. Ernst Kaeber, The Metropolis as Home (1926) 337 120. Karl scheffler, Berlin Fifty Years from Now: Perspectives on One of the World’s Great Cities (1926) 340 121. martin Wagner, Werner Hegemann, and Heinrich mendelssohn, Should Berlin Build Skyscrapers? (1928) 344 122. martin Wagner and adolf Behne, The New Berlin–World City (1929) 347 123. martin Wagner, The Design Problem of a City Square for a Metropolis: The Competition of the “Verkehr” Company for the Remodeling of Alexanderplatz (1929) 349 124. max Berg, The Platz der Republik in Berlin (1930) 352 125. Werner Hegemann, Berlin, City of Stone: The History of the Largest Tenement City in the World (1930) 353 126. Walter Benjamin, A Jacobin of Our Time: On Werner Hegemann’s das steinerne Berlin (1930) 358 127. Hannes Küpper, The “Provinces” and Berlin (1931) 363 128. adolf Hitler, Speech at Foundation-Stone Ceremony of the Faculty of Defense Studies, Berlin (1937) 365 12. Berlin montage 367 129. Käthe Kollwitz, Diary Entry, 25 January 1919 370 130. Kurt tucholsky, “Berlin! Berlin!” (1919) 371 131. “sling” (pseud. Paul schlesinger), The Telephone (1921) 374 132. Käthe Kollwitz, Diary Entry, 1 May 1922 375 133. Friedrich Kroner, Overstretched Nerves (1923) 375 134. adolf Hitler, My Struggle (1926) 376 135. Joseph roth, The Wandering Jew (1927) 378 136. Ernst Bloch, Berlin after Two Years (1928) 379 137. alfred döblin, Berlin (1928) 381 138. Franz Hessel, I Learn: Via Neukölln to Britz (1929) 386 139. Carl Zuckmayer, The Berlin Woman (1929) 390 140. moritz Goldstein, The Metropolis of the Little People (1930) 391 141.