Muslims in the EU: Cities Report Preliminary research report FRANCE and literature survey 2007 Researcher: Dr Sonia Tebbakh, UMR PACTE, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Grenoble, BP 48 – 38040 GRENOBLE Cedex 9 France Email address: [email protected] Muslims in the EU - Cities Report: France Table of contents Background............................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 6 Part I: Research and literature on Muslims ........................................................................ 11 1. Population ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Muslim population estimates ..................................................................................... 11 1.2 Settlement patterns ..................................................................................................... 14 1.3 The main waves of migration..................................................................................... 14 2. Identity and religious practices..................................................................................... 19 2.2 Background on Islam in France ................................................................................. 20 2.3 Muslim religious practice........................................................................................... 21 3. Education ........................................................................................................................ 28 3.1 Data collection issues................................................................................................. 28 3.3 Educational achievement of Muslim children............................................................ 29 4. Employment.................................................................................................................... 39 4.1 Employment rates among the first generation............................................................ 39 4.2 Employment rates among the second generation....................................................... 42 4.3 Employment and anti-discrimination legislation ....................................................... 45 4.4 Research on discrimination in the labour market....................................................... 45 4.5 Initiatives to counter discrimination in the labour market ......................................... 48 5. Housing............................................................................................................................ 50 5.1 Data on the housing situation of Muslims.................................................................. 50 5.2 Discrimination in the housing sector.......................................................................... 51 6. Health and social protection.......................................................................................... 55 6.1 Data on Muslims and health....................................................................................... 55 6.2 Access to the health care system................................................................................ 56 7. Policing and security ...................................................................................................... 61 7.1 Muslims and the police force ..................................................................................... 61 7.2 The impact of 9/11 ..................................................................................................... 62 7.3 Muslim representation in the police force.................................................................. 63 8. Participation and citizenship......................................................................................... 65 8.1 Muslim organisations in France ................................................................................. 65 8.2 Muslim political participation .................................................................................... 67 8.3 Citizenship.................................................................................................................. 68 Part II. Policy context ............................................................................................................ 70 1. The political context....................................................................................................... 70 2. The public perception of Muslims ................................................................................ 72 3. The media perception of the Muslim population ........................................................ 75 4. Integration policy ........................................................................................................... 77 4.1 Muslim organisations ................................................................................................. 77 4.2 Administrative structures ........................................................................................... 79 Part III. City selection............................................................................................................ 82 1. Marseille.......................................................................................................................... 82 2. Grenoble.......................................................................................................................... 83 3. Paris (and the Île-de-France région)............................................................................. 84 4. Lille .................................................................................................................................. 85 2 Muslims in the EU - Cities Report: France Index of tables Table 1. The Muslim population in France (1998) (Source: Couvreur) Table 2. Proportion of immigrants in the national population (1990 and 1999) Table 3. The Muslim population in France (1998) (Source: Boyer) Table 4. Faith and practice of Muslims in France (1989, 1994, 2001) Table 5. Degree of religious practice among Algerian and Moroccan Muslim immigrants (1992) Table 6. Respect for the Ramadan fast and for Muslim food prohibitions among Algerian, Moroccan and Turkish immigrants (1992) Table 7. Degree of religious practice among young people of Algerian origin (1992) Table 8. Prayer practice at the mosque (1998–2001) Table 9. Level of education for immigrants aged 30–49 years old (1999) Table 10. Success rate at the secondary level – breakdown for immigrant, non-immigrant and mixed families (1995) Table 11. Social and domestic characteristics of the French pupils with a GCE diploma (1996) Table 12. Level of diploma in the Muslim population in France Table 13. Educational level of young people of foreign origin (1992 and 1996) Table 14. Preferred type of diploma for pupils (2002) Table 15. Birth and settlement of second-generation immigrants (1998) Table 16. Educational expenses (1996) Table 17. Proportion of foreign wage-earners by nationality group (1982, 1985, 1988) Table 18. French workforce (1999) – breakdown by professional category and country of origin Table 19. Unemployment rate of young people who finished school in 1998 Table 20. Professional integration of second-generation immigrants, for their first employment position Table 21. Main characteristics of the patients of the health centres managed by the French NGO, Médecins du Monde Table 22. Number of AIDS cases declared since the beginning of the epidemic – breakdown by nationality (June 1998) Table 23. Proportion of immigrants aged more than 55 years old – breakdown by age and country of origin (1999) Table 24. Public perceptions of Islam (1994 and 2001) Table 25. Proportion of immigrants in Seine-Saint-Denis, Yvelines and Paris (1999) 3 Muslims in the EU - Cities Report: France List of acronyms and initials ANPE National Employment Agency (Agence Nationale pour l’Emploi) AFPA Association for the Training of Adults (Association pour la Formation Professionnelle des Adultes) APCM Permanent Assembly of Trade Rooms (l’Assemblée permanente des Chambres des Métiers) CEVIPOF The Political Research Centre of “Sciences Po” (Centres de Recherches Politiques de Sciences Po) – a Paris-based research centre CFCM French Muslim Council (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman) CNRS The National Scientific Research Centre (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) CODAC (Commissions Départementales d’Accès à la Citoyenneté) COPEC Committees for the Promotion of the Equality of Opportunities and Citizenship (Commissions pour la promotion de l’égalité des chances et de la citoyenneté) CORIF The Council of Reflection on Islam (Conseil de Réflexion sur l’Islam de France) DEP The Directorate of Evaluation and Planning (Direction de l’Evaluation et de la Prospective) of the Ministry of Education FAS The National Fund for Social Projects (Fonds d’Action Sociale) FNMF The National Union of the Muslims of France (Fédération Nationale des Musulmans de France) FN National Front (Front National) – a French political party GCE General Certificate of Education (baccalauréat) GELD Group for the Study of, and Fight against, Discrimination (Groupe d’Etude et de lutte contre les discriminations) HALDE High Authority for the Fight against Discrimination and for Equality (Haute Autorité de Lutte contre les Discriminations