STRUCTURE OF PLANTS AND FUNGI Edited by: Zoltán Kristóf Pál Vági Éva Preininger Gábor M. Kovács Zoltán Kristóf Károly Bóka Béla Böddi XML to PDF by RenderX XEP XSL-FO F ormatter, visit us at http://www.renderx.com/ STRUCTURE OF PLANTS AND FUNGI: Edited by: Zoltán Kristóf by Pál Vági, Éva Preininger, Gábor M. Kovács, Zoltán Kristóf, Károly Bóka, and Béla Böddi Copyright © 2013 Eötvös Loránd University This book is freely available for research and educational purposes. Reproduction in any form is prohibited without written permission of the owner. Made in the project entitled "E-learning scientific content development in ELTE TTK" with number TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/1-11/1-2011-0073. Consortium leader: Eötvös Loránd University, Consortium Members: ELTE Faculties of Science Student Foundation, ITStudy Hungary Ltd. XML to PDF by RenderX XEP XSL-FO F ormatter, visit us at http://www.renderx.com/ Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Organization levels ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Autotrophy and body structure ............................................................................................ 2 1.3. The role of water .............................................................................................................. 2 1.4. The transport process and the possibility of regulation on organism level .................................... 3 1.5. Specialities of plant secretion ............................................................................................. 3 1.6. Morphological and anatomical polarity of plants .................................................................... 4 1.7. Stem cells and cell plasticity in plants .................................................................................. 4 1.8. The anatomical and physiological role of storage ................................................................... 5 1.9. Basic rules of plant reproduction ......................................................................................... 5 1.10. Alternation of generations in the plant kingdom .................................................................... 6 1.11. Genetic interpretation of the alternation phases .................................................................... 6 2. MORPHOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Seed and seedling ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2. Root .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.3. Stem ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.4. Buds ............................................................................................................................ 13 2.5. Leaf ............................................................................................................................. 14 2.6. Flower, inflorescence ...................................................................................................... 17 2.7. Fruit ............................................................................................................................. 21 3. CYTOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 23 3.1. Characteristics of the plant cell .......................................................................................... 23 3.2. The cell wall .................................................................................................................. 23 3.3. The vacuolar system ........................................................................................................ 26 3.4. Plastids ......................................................................................................................... 27 3.5. Cell division .................................................................................................................. 29 3.5.1. Mitosis ............................................................................................................... 30 3.5.2. Meiosis .............................................................................................................. 31 4. PLANT TISSUES .................................................................................................................... 33 4.1. Meristems ..................................................................................................................... 33 4.1.1. Classification of meristems according to their origin ................................................... 33 4.1.2. Classification of meristems according to position ....................................................... 34 4.1.3. Classification of meristems according to the cell division plane ..................................... 34 4.2. Dermal tissue system ....................................................................................................... 34 4.2.1. Epidermis ........................................................................................................... 34 4.2.2. Rhizodermis ........................................................................................................ 37 4.2.3. Secondary and tertiary dermal tissues ....................................................................... 37 4.3. Ground tissue system ...................................................................................................... 38 4.3.1. Parenchyma ........................................................................................................ 38 4.3.2. Supporting or mechanical ground tissues .................................................................. 38 4.4. Vascular tissue system ..................................................................................................... 40 4.4.1. Xylem ................................................................................................................ 40 4.4.2. Phloem .............................................................................................................. 41 4.4.3. Vascular bundles .................................................................................................. 42 4.4.4. Different types of stele .......................................................................................... 43 5. PLANT ORGANS (ORGANOGRAPHY) .................................................................................... 45 5.1. Root ............................................................................................................................. 45 5.1.1. Longitudinal zonation pattern of the root .................................................................. 45 5.1.2. Primary tissues of the root ..................................................................................... 45 5.1.3. Secondary thickening of the root ............................................................................. 47 5.2. Stem ............................................................................................................................ 47 5.2.1. Primary tissues of the stem ..................................................................................... 48 5.2.2. Secondary thickening of the stem ............................................................................ 48 5.3. Secondary xylem (wood) ................................................................................................. 50 5.4. Leaf ............................................................................................................................. 51 iii XML to PDF by RenderX XEP XSL-FO F ormatter, visit us at http://www.renderx.com/ STRUCTURE OF PLANTS AND FUNGI 5.4.1. Ontogeny of the leaf ............................................................................................. 51 5.4.2. Leaf anatomy ...................................................................................................... 52 5.4.3. Leaf and environment ........................................................................................... 53 5.4.4. Abscission .......................................................................................................... 54 6. Anatomy and reproduction of lower plants .................................................................................... 55 6.1. Mosses ......................................................................................................................... 55 6.1.1. Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) .................................................................................. 55 6.1.2. Liverworts (Hepatophyta) ...................................................................................... 56 6.1.3. Peat mosses (Sphagnopsida) ................................................................................... 58 6.1.4. Granite mosses (Andreaeopsida) ............................................................................. 60 6.1.5. True mosses (Bryopsida) ....................................................................................... 61 6.2. Pteridophytes ................................................................................................................