INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will fjnd a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company 73-1999 GEIGER, Clarence John, 1931- PEACE IN WAR: AMERICAN SOCIAL THOUGHT AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 History, modern University Microfilms. A XEROXCompany , Ann Arbor. Michigan © 1972 CLARENCE JOHN GEIGER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PEACE IN WAR: AMERICAN SOCIAL THOUGHT AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Clarence John Geiger, B.A., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by Advisor Department of History PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company For Ruth Ann ii VITA November 26, 1931 . Born - Chicago, Illinois 1954................ B.A., Columbia College, New York, New York 1956-1957 ........... Teaching Assistant, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 1957................ M.S., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 1957-1959 ........... Research Assistant, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 1959-1960 ........... Consultant on History, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 1960-1969 ........... Historian, Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson Air, Force Base, Ohio 1960-1964 ........... Lecturer in American History (Part time), Miami University in Dayton, Ohio 1962-1963 ........... Lecturer in American History (Part time), Wittenberg University in Dayton, Ohio 1963-1970 ........... Lecturer in American History (Part time), Indiana University in Richmond, Indiana 1965................ Lecturer in American History (Part time), Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 1965-1972 ........... Lecturer in American and Ohio History (Part time), Wright State University in Piqua, Ohio 1969-1972 ........... Historian, Foreign Technology Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 1972................ Historian, Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "History of the Air Force Boost-Glide Program, 1945-1963." Aero­ nautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1964. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Political and Social History of the United States since 1900. Professor Robert H. Bremner Political and Social History of the United States, 1850-1900. Professor Francis P. Weisenburger American Foreign Relations. Professor Marvin R. Zahniser The Middle East. Professor Sydney N. Fisher Europe Since 1900. Professor Sydney N. Fisher Political Science. Professor Gene E. Rainey TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VITA .................................................... iii INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1 Chapter I. DEWEY'S INSTRUMENT OF W A R ........................ 9 II. THE NEW WORLD OF PATTEN AND WEYL................... 28 III. THREE FACES OF CHRIST: GLADDEN, RAUSCHENBUSCH, AND HERRON.................... 51 IV. PRAGMATIC MARXISM AND PATRIOTIC SOCIALISM: EASTMAN AND P O O L E ......... 69 V. VEBLEN'S INSTINCT FOR PEACE ..................... 89 VI. YOUTH, WAR, AND THE ARTIST........................ 114 CONCLUSION: IN MEMORY OF THE LIVING...................... 140 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................ 149 v INTRODUCTION In the beginning of 1919, Walter Weyl was in Paris, reporting on the peace conference. After seeing the shambles of Europe and hear­ ing the quarrels of the peacemakers, Weyl became disheartened. America had entered the war to make the world safe for democracy and to estab­ lish a new era of peace, but with the end of the war Weyl was unable to see any social improvement. There was still "misunderstanding, greed, nationalism, and imperialism."! At that point, Weyl also must have considered himself a "tired radical." If the world was still the same, Weyl had changed. In 1912, he had ebulliently proclaimed the beginning of a new internal order in which individualism was being supplanted by a social spirit, with em­ phasis on human life and happiness.^ For Weyl, as for many other American reformers, the outbreak of war in 1914 represented not a breakdown of social action but a possibility to realize such visions on a grander scale. American intervention in 1917, therefore, only increased the likelihood of a world democracy. This study, by examin­ ing the social thought of a selected group of American intellectuals, ^Walter Weyl, Diary, Mar. 2, 1919, Weyl MSS, Rutgers Library (microfilm). ^Weyl, The New Democracy. An Essay in Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States (New York, 1912), pp. 160-64. 1 2 will investigate several theories of social progress through war. These ideas involved a faith in man's ability to see the insanity of war and the necessity for social reform. David Noble, in The Paradox of Progressive Thought, has pre­ viously examined the prewar thought of several of the figures with whom I propose to deal. Noble was struck by the progressive's faith in the perfectibility of human nature and the inevitability of progress. According to Noble, by seeking to preserve the purity of their vision, the progressives had placed their thinking beyond the context of his- •Z tory. War inevitably exposed the unreality of progressive thought. In contrast to Noble, my study proceeds with a more sympathetic atti­ tude toward progressive thinkers; their objectives have relevance for the present. Although the progressives were disillusioned by the peace, they refused to reject their hopes for a better society. By examining the nature of liberal disillusionment, my study will also suggest an explanation for the difficulty of social reformation in America. No work on American progressives during the war could leave out a consideration of John Dewey and Randolph Bourne, whose thoughts have established the boundaries of this work. Their attitudes toward prog­ ress and war represented the extremes of liberal thinking. Dewey saw the war as a leading to possible human betterment; Bourne viewed it as destructive of democratic values. ^David Noble, The Paradox of Progressive Thought (Minneapolis, 1957), pp. 247-48. 3 ***** John Dewey (1859-1952) was born in Vermont and completed his undergraduate education in 1879 at the state university. In 1884, he received a doctorate from Johns Hopkins University and then taught philosophy at the Universities of Michigan, Minnesota, and Chicago. From 1904 through 1930, he was professor of philosophy at Columbia University. Dewey was responsible for furthering pragmatic philosophic thinking and developing theories which viewed education as preparation for living. He refused to separate thought from action and was engaged often in various projects of social reform. Because his creative life covered over 70 years, his writing was voluminous. Some of his most important works were Democracy and Education; An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education (1916), Reconstruction of Philosophy (1920), The Quest for Certainty (1929), Art as Experience (1934), and Liberalism and Social Action (1935). In addition to Dewey and Bourne, I shall deal with the impact of the war on progressive thinkers in economics, religion, and literature. In this study, it appeared useful to consider Simon Patten and Walter Weyl in the same chapter. The former was a proponent of new economic thought; the latter, a popularizer of those theories. Patten (1852-1922), raised in western Illinois, obtained a doctorate in 1879 from the University of Halle in Germany. In 1885, Patten helped or­ ganize the American Economic Association, and, in the same year, he challenged traditional economic concepts of scarcity with The Premises