Community Networks GLOBALGLOBAL INFORMATION INFORMATION 2018 2018 SOCIETY WATCH 2018 THE 43 COUNTRY REPORTS included in this year’s Global SOCIETYCOMMUNITY WATCH NETWORKS 2018 Information Society Watch (GISWatch) capture the different GLOBAL INFORMATION SOCIETY WATCH experiences and approaches in setting up community networks across the globe. They show that key ideas, CommunityCommunity Networks Networks such as participatory governance systems, community ownership and skills transfer, as well as the “do-it-yourself” spirit that drives community networks in many different contexts, are characteristics that lend them a shared purpose and approach. The country reports are framed by eight thematic reports that deal with critical issues such as the regulatory framework necessary to support community networks, sustainability, local content, feminist infrastructure and community networks, and the importance of being aware of “community stories” and the power structures embedded in those stories. GLOBAL INFORMATION SOCIETY WATCH GLOBAL INFORMATION SOCIETY WATCH GLOBAL INFORMATION SOCIETY WATCH 2018 Report www.GISWatch.org International Development Research Centre Centre de recherches pour le développement international ASSOCIATION FOR PROGRESSIVE COMMUNICATIONS (APC) A SSOCI ATION FOR PROGRESSIVE C OMMUNIC ATIONS (AP C) AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE (IDRC) Tapa_GISW_2018.indd 1 GISW_Prueba01.indd 1 12/10/1813/9/18 12:44 15:51 Global Information Society Watch 2018 International Development Research Centre Centre de recherches pour le développement international Global Information Society Watch 2018 Community Networks Operational team GISWatch 2018 advisory committee Roxana Bassi (APC) Carlos Baca (REDES) Valeria Betancourt (APC) Luca Belli (FGV) Kathleen Diga (APC) Jane Coffin (ISOC) Alan Finlay (APC) Kazanka Comfort (Fantsuam Foundation) Michael Jensen (APC) Stéphane Couture (York University) Carlos Rey-Moreno (APC) Alison Gillwald (Research ICT Africa) Michuki Mwangi (ISOC) APC project coordination team Leandro Navarro (PANGEA) Namita Aavriti (APC) Dorothy Okello (WOUGNET/Makerere University) Roxana Bassi (APC) Nico Pace (AlterMundi) Valeria Betancourt (APC) Steve Song (Village Telco/Rhizomatica) Kathleen Diga (APC) Ritu Srivastava (DEF) Anriette Esterhuysen (APC) Flavia Fascendini (APC) Project coordinator Alan Finlay (APC) Kathleen Diga / Roxana Bassi (APC) Chat Garcia Ramilo (APC) Michael Jensen (APC) Editor Carlos Rey-Moreno (APC) Alan Finlay Assistant editor and proofreading Lori Nordstrom (APC) Publication production support Cathy Chen Graphic design Monocromo [email protected] Phone: +598 2400 1685 Cover illustration Matías Bervejillo This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada, as part of the APC project “Community access networks: How to connect the next billion to the Internet”. More information at: https://www.apc.org/en/project/ local-access-networks-can-unconnected-connect-themselves The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of IDRC or its Board of Governors. International Development Research Centre Centre de recherches pour le développement international Financial support provided by This edition of GISWatch came into being alongside a brand new baby boy. Welcome to the world, Ronan Diga! Published by APC 2018 Printed in USA Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Some rights reserved. Global Information Society Watch 2018 web and e-book ISBN 978-92-95113-06-0 APC-201810-CIPP-R-EN-DIGITAL-296 Disclaimer: The views expressed in the introduction, thematic and country reports of GISWatch are not necessarily the views of APC or of its members. Table of contents Preface ...................................5 COUNTRy reports Chat Garcia Ramilo AssociAtion for Progressive communicAtions (APc) Introduction . 59 Alan Finlay Introduction The rise and fall and rise of community Argentina ................................64 Asociación Civil AlterMundi and Red Comunitaria networks . 7 QuintanaLibre - jésicA giudice Steve Song, Carlos Rey-Moreno, Anriette Esterhuysen, Mike Jensen and Leandro Navarro Australia . 67 fellow in residence, mozillA foundAtion; AssociAtion for Progressive Media and Communications, Swinburne University communicAtions (APc); pangeA.org of Technology - Andrew gArton Benin . 73 Thematic reports POPDEV Bénin - sênoudé pacôme tomètissi At the limits of the internet: Technology Brazil . 77 options for community networks . 13 Instituto Nupef - oonA cAstro, with the collAborAtion Leandro Navarro, Leonardo Maccari and Renato Lo Cigno of cArlos Alberto Afonso And paulo duArte pangeA, universitAt PolitècnicA de cAtAlunyA, ninux, university of trento Brazil . 81 Legal framework for community networks Fonias Jurua Project - AnnA orlovA And rAfAel diniz in Latin America . 21 Canada . 85 Erick huerta First Mile Connectivity Consortium - rob mcmAhon rhizomAticA And the first mile connectivity consortium Community networks and telecommunications The Caribbean ............................. 92 regulation . 25 Internet Society Chapters in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Steve Song Guyana, Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago, Puerto Rico, Barbados fellow in residence, mozillA foundAtion and Panama and ISOC Blockchain Special Interest Group renAtA Aquino ribeiro Towards financial sustainability in community-based networks . 28 Catalonia ................................96 Mike Jensen guifi.net community - roger bAig, leAndro nAvArro, rAmon rocA And felix freitAg AssociAtion for Progressive communicAtions (APc) Community networks as a key enabler China ...................................101 hudson Lockett of sustainable access: A review . 34 Michael J. Oghia Colombia . 106 Colnodo - julián cAsAsbuenAs And liliAn chAmorro Community networks: Stories and power . 36 (with the collAborAtion of olgA paz mArtínez) Nicola J. Bidwell internAtionAl university of mAnAgement, nAmibiA Congo, Democratic Republic of . .111 Mesh Bukavu - pacifique zikomAngAne Feminist infrastructure and community networks: An opportunity to rethink Costa Rica . .115 our connections from the bottom up, Cooperativa Sulá Batsú - kemly cAmAcho seeking diversity and autonomy .............42 Ecuador ................................ 118 Bruna Zanolli (Vedetas, radiolivre.org), Carla Jancz (Vedetas, Anonymous Actantes), Cristiana Gonzalez (PPGS-IFCh/Unicamp), Daiane Araujo dos Santos (Rede Base Comum/Casa dos Meninos) Georgia ................................ 124 and Débora Prado (Lavits, Labjor/Unicamp) Small and Medium Telecom Operators Association of Georgia and Tusheti Development Fund - uchA seturi Decentralising culture: The challenge And rAti kochlAmAzAshvili of local content in community networks . 52 Nicolás Echániz and Florencia López Pezé Germany ...............................128 Altermundi Freifunk - tim schütz And monic meisel Ghana . 133 Nigeria ................................. 195 Afrotribune - emmAnuel elolo Agbenonwossi Fantsuam Foundation - john dAdA Greece . 137 Pakistan ................................199 Sarantaporo.gr - vAssilis chryssos, AimiliA voulvouli, Wireless for Communities Pakistan - nAveed hAq AlexAndros papageorgiou, giorgos klisiAris And nicholAs kourtzis Peru . 205 Honduras ................................141 Communication Department, Pontificia Universidad Red de Desarrollo Sostenible-honduras and Internet Católica del Perú - juAn bossio Society honduras Chapter - eduArdo tome Philippines . 209 India ................................... 145 University of the Philippines – Diliman and University Digital Empowerment Foundation (DEF) - ritu srivAstAvA of Washington - mAry clAire bArelA, josePhine dionisio, kurtis heimerl, mAnuel victor sAPitulA And cedric Angelo festin India ................................... 150 Gram Marg rural broadband project, Department of Electrical Portugal ................................ 214 Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay WirelessPT - miguel vieirA sArbAni bAnerjee belur Seychelles ..............................218 Indonesia and Malaysia ................... 157 Janick Bru Advisor to Forum Masyarakat Adat Dataran Tinggi Borneo (FORMADAT) - roger w. hArris South Africa .............................222 Zenzeleni- sol lucA de tenA And cArlos rey-moreno Italy . 162 University of Trento, CNIT and ninux.org Tanzania ................................227 leonArdo mAccAri And clAudio PisA The University of Dodoma, College of Informatics and Virtual Education; Internet Society - jAbherA mAtogoro in conversAtion Kenya ..................................166 with jAne coffin And colin muller Tunapanda Institute - josePhine milizA Thailand ................................232 Kyrgyzstan ...............................171 Internet Education and Research Laboratory (intERLab) – Internet Society Kyrgyzstan Chapter - isAbek AsAnbAev Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Net2home Social And tAlAnt sultAnov Enterprise - kAnchAnA kAnchAnAsut, Adisorn lertsinsubtAvee, APinun tunpan, nisArAt tAnsAkul, PreechAi mekbungwAn, nunthAPhAt Malaysia . 174 weshsuwAnnArugs And parkPoom tripatAnA Persatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor (EMPOWER) AngelA m. kugA thAs Tunisia .................................236 iGmena - hAmzA ben mehrez Mexico ................................. 178 REDES A.C., Rhizomatica and Colectivo Ik’ta K’op Uganda . 239 cArlos bAcA-feldmAn, Peter bloom, mAriAno gómez And erick huertA BOSCO Uganda - tonny okwongA Myanmar ...............................184