Photo credits: Cover & Inside ©FAO Somalia SOMALIA: Rebuilding Resilient and Sustainable Agriculture Copyright © 2018 by International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ISBN 978-92-5-130419-8 (FAO) Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. 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CONTENTS Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................................................... i Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................................ ii Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................................. v Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... vi Soo koobid xog cilmiyeed .................................................................................................................................................. xvi References ......................................................................................................................................................................... 167 Endnotes ........................................................................................................................................................................... 173 Chapter 1: The Dominance of Agriculture in Somalia ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Livelihood Systems in Somalia ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 The Dominance of Agriculture in GDP .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3 The Dominance of Agriculture in Foreign Trade ........................................................................................... 9 1.4 Poor Food Security and Nutrition .................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 2: Infrastructure and Skills Deficits as Constraints to Growth ................................................................... 15 2.1 Dilapidated and Poor Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 16 2.1.1 Watering Sources and Facilities for Livestock .......................................................................................... 17 2.1.2 Irrigation, Flood Control, and Water Harvesting Infrastructure for Crops ............................................... 18 2.1.3 Water as a Source of Conflict.................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.4 Postharvest Storage Facilities for Crops .................................................................................................... 22 2.1.5 Food Safety ................................................................................................................................................. 23 2.1.6 Transport Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.7 Telecommunications .................................................................................................................................. 25 2.2 Lack of Education and Training ....................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 3: Institutional Constraints and Challenges ............................................................................................... 27 3.1 Security ............................................................................................................................................................ 28 3.2 Land Tenure .................................................................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Government Institutions ............................................................................................................................... 30 3.4 Civil Society Institutions .................................................................................................................................. 30 3.5 Gender Dynamics in Agricultural Production ............................................................................................... 31 Chapter 4: Environmental Constraints and Challenges ........................................................................................... 33 4.1 Threats to Forests and Rangelands ............................................................................................................... 35 4.1.1 Charcoal, Somalia’s “Black Gold’ ............................................................................................................... 35 4.1.2 Resins .......................................................................................................................................................... 39 4.2 Climate Change Implications for Agricultural Growth ................................................................................... 40 4.2.1 Risks to Agriculture ..................................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.2 Historical Climate Patterns ......................................................................................................................... 42 4.2.3 Projected Climate Patterns ........................................................................................................................ 42 Chapter 5: The Livestock Subsector ........................................................................................................................ 45 5.1 The Livestock Economy .................................................................................................................................. 47 5.2 Livestock Production Systems ....................................................................................................................... 49 5.3 Livestock Feed Resources .............................................................................................................................. 50 5.4 National and Regional Livestock Policies ...................................................................................................... 51 5.5 Environmental Degradation and the Spread of Private Enclosures ............................................................. 52 5.6 Animal Health and Services ............................................................................................................................ 54 5.7 The Decline in the Livestock Population ........................................................................................................ 56 5.8 Trade in Live Animals ...................................................................................................................................... 59 5.8.1 Main Livestock Trading Routes .................................................................................................................