THE TERRORISM ACTS IN 2018 REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT REVIEWER OF TERRORISM LEGISLATION ON THE OPERATION OF THE TERRORISM ACTS 2000 AND 2006 By JONATHAN HALL Q.C. Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation Presented to Parliament pursuant to Section 36(5) of the Terrorism Act 2006 March 2020 © Crown copyright 2020 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/official-documents. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: Direct Communications Unit, Home Office, 2 Marsham Street, London – SW1P 4DF ISBN 978-1-5286-1807-6 CCS0320303768 03/20 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................................4 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................5 TERRORISM LEGISLATION ................................................................................................................................. 5 THE COUNTER-TERRORISM MACHINE ..............................................................................................................6 THE COUNTER-TERRORISM TOOLKIT ...............................................................................................................7 LIMITS TO THE ROLE OF THE INDEPENDENT REVIEWER ...................................................................................9 MY APPROACH ................................................................................................................................................ 10 STATISTICS ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 CONVENTIONS USED ....................................................................................................................................... 16 2. REVIEW OF 2018 ..............................................................................................................................17 A YEAR OF SELF-REFLECTION .......................................................................................................................17 ISLAMIST TERRORISM ...................................................................................................................................... 19 RIGHT WING TERRORISM ................................................................................................................................ 21 NORTHERN IRELAND-RELATED TERRORISM ...................................................................................................24 EMERGING THEMES ......................................................................................................................................... 27 NEW LEGISLATION IN 2018 .............................................................................................................................29 Primary Legislation. .................................................................................................................................. 29 Secondary legislation ............................................................................................................................... 32 3. TERRORIST GROUPS ......................................................................................................................33 PROSCRIPTION: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................33 THE CURRENT LIST .......................................................................................................................................... 36 FOOTPRINT ...................................................................................................................................................... 37 Principal criminal offences ......................................................................................................................37 Funding Offences ..................................................................................................................................... 39 Communication, Planning and Training Offences ...............................................................................41 Extraterritorial Reach ............................................................................................................................... 42 Prosecutorial Discretion...........................................................................................................................42 Liability to Arrest ....................................................................................................................................... 43 Civil Powers ............................................................................................................................................... 43 Exclusion and Deportation ......................................................................................................................44 Digital Take-Downs .................................................................................................................................. 45 European Union Sanctions .....................................................................................................................45 Non-jury trials in Northern Ireland ..........................................................................................................46 The Charity Sector ................................................................................................................................... 46 Overseas Aid Agencies ...........................................................................................................................47 Footprint: Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 49 KEEPING THE LIST UP TO DATE ......................................................................................................................49 REDUCING THE BURDEN ON AID AGENCIES ...................................................................................................54 4 INVESTIGATING TERRORISM ........................................................................................................57 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 57 STOP AND SEARCH ......................................................................................................................................... 57 SECTIONS 43 AND 43A ................................................................................................................................... 57 London ....................................................................................................................................................... 58 Northern Ireland ........................................................................................................................................ 59 Other forces ............................................................................................................................................... 60 SECTION 47A .................................................................................................................................................. 60 "TERRORIST INVESTIGATION" POWERS ..........................................................................................................63 CORDONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 64 SEARCH WARRANTS ........................................................................................................................................ 67 PRODUCTION ORDERS .................................................................................................................................... 68 CUSTOMER INFORMATION ORDERS, EXPLANATION ORDERS AND ACCOUNT MONITORING ORDERS .........68 1 POST-CHARGE QUESTIONING ..........................................................................................................................69 FINANCIAL INVESTIGATIONS ............................................................................................................................69 SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY REPORTS ....................................................................................................................70 5. ARRESTING AND DETAINING........................................................................................................71 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 71 ARRESTS IN 2018 ...........................................................................................................................................