GEOPOLITYKA-ENG_strony-tytulowe.qxp_2021 18/03/21 11:06 Page 1 GEOPOLITICS GEOPOLITYKA-ENG_strony-tytulowe.qxp_2021 18/03/21 11:06 Page 2 SOCIAL DICTIONARIES Series edited by Wit Pasierbek and Bogdan Szlachta GEOPOLITICS Edited by Jacek Kloczkowski Other volumes: RELIGIOUS PEDAGOGY, Edited by Zbigniew Marek and Anna Walulik PUBLIC POLICIES, Edited by Artur Wołek POLITICAL ETHICS, Edited by Piotr Świercz GEOPOLITYKA-ENG_strony-tytulowe.qxp_2021 18/03/21 11:06 Page 3 SOCIAL DICTIONARIES GEOPOLITICS EDITED BY Jacek Kloczkowski IGNATIANUM UNIVERSITY PRESS KRAKOW 2021 © Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow, 2021 Publication financed within the “DIALOG” programme of the Minister of Science and Higher Education for the years 2019-2021 Reviewer Prof. dr hab. Radosław Zenderowski Translated into English by Ewa Pałka et al. Proofreading Michael Timberlake Editing and proofreading Anna Grochowska-Piróg Cover design Studio Photo Design – Lesław Sławiński Layout and typesetting Jacek Zaryczny ISBN 978-83-7614-498-6 Ignatianum University Press ul. Kopernika 26 • 31–501 Krakow, PL tel. +48 12 39 99 620 [email protected] http://wydawnictwo.ignatianum.edu.pl Printing and binding Kowalcze Małgorzata Zakład Poligraficzny “SINDRUK” Contents Foreword 7 Introduction 9 Maciej ZakrZewski Geopolitics – an overview 13 Maciej ZakrZewski Theories of classical geopolitics 25 jakub Potulski From “radical” geography to “critical” geopolitics 39 jacek klocZkowski The history of Polish geopolitics 59 jacek reginia ‑Zacharski Geopolitics and international security 77 jacek reginia ‑Zacharski Geopolitics and strategic studies 95 roMan kwiecień Geopolitics and international law 113 błażej sajduk Geopolitics and political science – the controversies 131 6 CONTENTS doMinik héjj Geopolitics as a media phenomenon in Poland 153 toMasZ grZegorZ grosse Geopolitics and globalisation 173 jacek reginia ‑Zacharski Geopolitics and global governance 197 toMasZ grZegorZ grosse Geopolitics and soft power 211 Piotr koryś Geopolitics, economics and economies 229 Piotr koryś Geopolitics and demography 247 krZysZtof M. księżoPolski Geopolitics and resources 257 błażej sajduk Geopolitics and technology 291 toMasZ grZegorZ grosse The European Union as a geopolitical actor 311 Piotr bajda The geopolitical challenges for small European states 331 Piotr MaZurkiewicZ Geopolitics and religion 347 Piotr MaZurkiewicZ A paradigm shift in the geopolitics of religion 373 List of authors 395 Foreword In 2019, the team members of the Ignatian Social Forum decided to continue the work that was initiated by the publication of the Social Dictionary in 2004. Scientists from both Polish and foreign academic centres contributed to this publication, which contained over one hun- dred extended essays that discussed the findings of recent humanities and social science research. This new project is more extensive than the original Social Dictionary. The aim of the project is to present the state of knowledge from within various fields of humanities and social sciences as they are at the beginning the third decade of the 21st century. They plan to show man, who is developing within diverse civilizations, cultures and societies, who adheres to many religions, and who honours diverse patterns of behaviour and products that condition his behaviour. However, rather than divide the humanities and social sciences according to the fields and disciplines listed by various international or national (departmental) institutions, we will divide them according to research areas that have been investigated by “officially acknowledged” scientific disciplines, with the use of a range of methods that yield a more comprehensive, inter- disciplinary view. The research subject areas include issues considered particularly important to the humanities and social sciences in the 21st century that relate to man and his social environment, political and public affairs, and international relations. The analyses, which consider diverse 8 FOREWORD research perspectives, allow a multi­‑faceted approach to problems that are typically addressed by only one discipline and broaden the horizons of the research under taken by the Authors of the articles. They look for an “interpretative key” that will allow them to present the most sig- nificant issues related to each of the main categories; sometimes these issues are controversial or debatable among scientists. These research areas give the titles to the four volumes of the new Social Dictionary. This “interpretative key” would not be important if the articles published in each volume resembled succinct encyclopaedic entries; however, it becomes significant because the entries take the form of 20-page articles that follow a uniform pattern. The considerations presented by the authors are devoted to the essence of the analysed category: its his- tory, subject matter, and practical recommendations. Written by Polish scien tists representing not only different academic centres and scientific disciplines but also different “research sensibilities”, they are based on theoretical reflection accompanied by practical considerations. We also treat Catholic social teaching as one of the “interpretative keys” because it is impossible to ignore twenty centuries of the legacy and richness of Christianity. We hope that this volume will satisfy the Reader as it offers not only an opportunity to learn about scientific approaches to the vital problems faced by contemporary man, states, and societies, but also an insight into sometimes difficult aspects of modernity as viewed from a Catholic perspective. We also hope that the Reader will appreciate the effort of Polish scientists who, while undertaking original reflection on these issues, go beyond mere presentation of other people’s thoughts, as they are aware of the importance of the intellectual achievements of Polish science. Series editors Wit Pasierbek and Bogdan Szlachta Introduction Discussions on geopolitics are highly emotional in Poland. This is prob- ably influenced by the temperament and personality of many of the participants of these discussions, but sometimes this is also because of the entanglement of these debates in current political disputes. The rea- sons for this undoubtedly fashionable popularity of geopolitical debates are, however, deeper rooted, but they are easy to identify: geopolitical determinants are usually seen as one of the main reasons for the ups and downs in Poland’s history. In our consciousness, the worst scars have been left by various calamities: the loss of independence at the end of the 18th century and again in 1939 have both left their mark; after the first loss, we had to wait more than a century to regain our freedom, and after 1939 we waited another half a century. Identifying the causes of our past failures, which are usually located in a broader interpretational context, adds a dramatic overtone to the current geopo- litical dilemmas under debate: Will history repeat itself? Will the Polish state again face threats on a scale similar to those faced by the Polish elites in past centuries? If so, when might this happen and under which circumstances (also including geopolitical ones)? Will Poles manage to avert these dangers next time? Geopolitics cannot be ignored, even if we reject this perspective as being exaggerated, simply false, over- rated, or misunderstood. Geopolitics is a factor of great contemporary significance as it shapes the political thinking of those who distinguish reflection on politics from party games and who engage in it as experts, decision­‑makers, commentators, or civic observers. 10 INTRODUCTION Geopolitical debates also have a different dimension to that outlined above, as geopolitics is also discussed in scientific terms. There is a dis- pute as to whether the approaches that dominate in public debate can be regarded as expressions of scientific positions. Although they are presented in a more accessible form in journalistic texts, they are never- theless based on scientific theories and hard, verifiable data that can be subjected to scientific processing and analysed with the use of appro- priate methodology, thus yielding objective descriptions of the state of affairs. Furthermore, if one assumes that geopolitics can be a science, can we assume that Polish geopolitical research is also a science? This issue is subject to heated debate that is no less heated than debates concerning the geopolitical determinants of Poland’s history, Poland today, and other global geopolitical dilemmas – both past and present. The starting point for these debates must be to define the very boundar- ies of what is discussed: When is a subject a geopolitical consideration and when is it “merely” a voice on international politics that is wrongly regarded as geopolitical? Is a given statement a scientific statement and is it “merely” an expert’s analysis or perhaps “merely” a journalistic text? In this field, it is easy to devalue or excessively praise individual geopo- litical works (at least in principle); this subjectivity of judgement is in itself an issue worth considering as it should not result merely from the good or bad will of those who make these often­‑contradictory judgements. This volume is not intended to be the ultimate voice in these disputes, although the authors of the articles it contains sometimes take a stand in public debates and have their own distinctive views on these issues. Nor is it an attempt to impose a single binding pattern for approaching geopolitics