Society Update The Official Publication of the Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society Winter 2018 The Civil War and Law by Trenton Koch, 2017 Coleman intern ew events in American history had a greater Republican victory in nine of the next eleven Presi- effect on the course of the country than the dential elections. Just as it affected American society, American Civil War. Over the course of four economics, and politics, the Civil War also had far Fyears Americans North and South threw themselves ranging consequences on American Law. headlong into a brutal and personal struggle=over If the Civil War proved nothing else, it showed the future of the country. The importance of the that the American federal government was supreme conflict can be seen perhaps most basically in the over the states in the American Union, and denied the huge numbers involved. North and South, more than right of secession once and for all. Prior to the Civil three million men joined or were conscripted into the War, the relationship between state and federal power army, including five future and one former Michigan was hazy. Assuming that the states would get along, Supreme Court Justice. Those three million comprised the founding fathers had placed few mechanisms a full ten percent of the U.S. population at the time. for resolving inter-state conflicts in the Constitu- Of those, around 620,000 died, both from combat and tion. Thus, between ratification and the Civil War, the from other causes such as disease or starvation. This states and the federal government engaged in push number, not much less than the number of Americans and pull conflicts over the nature of federal power and killed in all other American wars combined, illustrates the American Union. Over the course of this period, how shocking the war was. It is not surprising that the nearly every state, at some point, asserted its authority war affected all aspects of American life. to resist or nullify federal law.1 The most prominent Most obviously, the war brought about the end of example of these battles was the Nullification Crisis slavery in the United States, and freed four million of 1832, when South Carolina refused to enforce a African Americans from bondage. The war also fur- federal tariff within its borders, only backing down in ther galvanized the industrial economy of the North, the face of President Andrew Jackson’s threat to send setting the United States on the path to becoming the in federal troops. Nearly all of these conflicts were greatest industrial power on Earth. At the same time, over slavery, the dominant sectional issue of the age. the Homestead Act and Pacific Railroad Act were Northern states often refused to recognize fugitive passed, opening the West for settlement and connect- slave laws, while Southern states resisted any federal ing America from coast to coast. American politics efforts to interfere with the peculiar institution where it was also deeply affected. Abraham Lincoln’s Republi- existed. can Party became deeply reviled in the South (save by As these battles grew more intense, the idea of a the newly-freed slaves), giving the Democrats reliable state’s right of secession became more popular. Those control there until the 1960s. Republican domination who supported secession saw the United States as a of the more highly populated North, meanwhile, led to collection of sovereign entities, each of whom had Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society the right to withdraw from the compact if they felt Another obvious effect of the Civil War on Ameri- the national government had abused its powers. This can law was the post-war expansion of civil rights, viewpoint, pushed by South Carolina Senator John primarily accomplished through the 13th, 14th, and C. Calhoun, was at odds with a view espoused by 15th Amendments. The 13th Amendment had ended Northerners like Daniel Webster and Abraham Lincoln slavery, but it also contained an enforcement provi- which saw the country as a “perpetual union” that sion, unprecedented in the Constitution, that gave the could only be broken with the consent of the other federal government powers to protect the newly freed. members. As the Southern states seceded in the wake The 14th Amendment guaranteed the newly freed civil of Lincoln’s election, this viewpoint came to dominate rights and equality before the law, and again gave the the federal government in opposition to that seces- federal government enforcement powers, while the sion, along with ideas of a strong central government 15th sought to prevent voting discrimination. These and national supremacy. (188) Over the course of the Amendments, along with the Civil Rights Acts, sought war, necessity coupled with Lincoln’s willingness to to apply the Bill of Rights to the states and protect ignore court challenges to his actions to create a new the newly freed slaves from their former masters.4 supreme federal government with greatly expanded (226-227) While there was some success in this regard powers. After Lincoln ignored Chief Justice Taney’s during the decade following the Civil War, forces soon declaration that his suspension of habeas corpus was converged to bring that effort to an end. unconstitutional, Congress passed the Habeas Corpus All too often, the Supreme Court in the years after Act of 1863, which confirmed Lincoln’s powers. Sub- the war refused to appreciate how circumstances had sequent challenges to Lincoln’s power were few, and been changed by the war. Though the court had recog- the courts often found in the government’s favor.2The nized Congress’ right to make Reconstruction policy, result of all of this was a new order where the federal the court also sought to limit Congress as it attempted government was totally dominant over the states. The to protect freedmen. Instead of seeing the new amend- doctrine of state’s rights was fundamentally changed, ments as fundamentally reordering the federalism of as well. Whereas many states had formerly claimed the country, the courts interpreted congressional action that their laws could supersede federal law, they now through antebellum legal thought. Decisions such as in claimed that some issues should rather be devolved to the Slaughterhouse Cases interpreted the new amend- the states, most prominently the issue of race relations. ments in narrow terms and undermined Congress’ The Civil War also, at least partly, led to a move- ability to protect southern blacks. As white resistance ment of systemization that sought to turn the ad hoc to black civil rights continued in the South and apathy system of the antebellum era into a more ordered, set in among northern whites, the federal government refined, and non-political legal doctrine. Judges sought turned the problems of race relations over to state to reckon with contradictions that arose from the slave governments.5 When the Supreme Court supported the system, such as Southern judges needing to square “separate but equal” doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson in property law over slaves with the fact that slaves could 1896, the Jim Crow segregation system of the South still express will and agency. Judges and legal theorists received constitutional backing, formally recogniz- sought to remove politics from law. To do that, they ing the institutional disenfranchisement of southern sought to exchange a reliance on precedent books with blacks. By refusing to recognize how the Civil War more systemic and, in their minds, scientific doctrines had changed the nature of American government and that removed outdated concepts and reorganized the thus narrowly interpreting the Reconstruction Amend- law along rational grounds. The chaos of the Civil ments, the Supreme Court helped to establish the War helped to spur a desire to see the state as a neutral monstrous system of Jim Crow in the South. actor, devoid of religious, class, or interest ties, and as In Michigan, however, the story of post-war legal a way to mediate social chaos in the future.3 They also theory, especially in relation to civil rights, took a dif- emphasized a sharp distinction between public and ferent course. As opposed to the U.S. Supreme Court, private law, that is, criminal and regulatory law ver- the Michigan Supreme Court did somewhat appreciate sus the law of contract, tort, etc. This separation was the changed nature of the national character, at least designed to keep private law insulated from political as it pertained to relations between races. Prior to the interference. war, Michigan was still a frontier state, in character if www.micourthistory.org Page 2 Society Update Winter 2018 not entirely in reality. In 1860, the court found in Pond segregation by race in public places was illegal. After v. People that a man could use deadly force to protect William Ferguson was denied service in the white his life or property when under attack, further enforc- section of the Gies European Hotel restaurant, and was ing the idea that a man’s home is his castle. Michi- subsequently expelled, he took his case to court. Jus- ganders were also skeptical of governmental power, tice Allen B. Morse’s opinion makes clear the changes overturning their original state constitution in 1850 the Civil War wrought. Morse held that there was an in favor of one that limited legislative authority and “absolute, unconditional equality of white and colored made all judicial positions elective.6 The people, then, men before the law.” Morse decried the reasoning of had much faith in popular institutions, but still viewed U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Taney in the Dred governmental power with suspicion. Scott case as “fallacious and contrary to the principles Being part of the old Northwest Territory, slavery of law”, and recognized that the 15th Amendment had was never practiced on a large scale in Michigan, and “placed the colored citizen upon an equal footing in all the final handful of slaves in the territory were freed respects to the white citizen.” Further, Morse held that in 1835.