SSC15-II-7 Small Launch Vehicles – A 2015 State of the Industry Survey Carlos Niederstrasser, Warren Frick Orbital ATK, Inc. 45101 Warp Drive, Dulles, VA 20166 USA; 703-406-5000 [email protected] ABSTRACT The first half of the 2010’s has seen a dramatic increase in potential small launch vehicle contenders, defined as rockets capable of carrying at most 1000 kg to Low Earth Orbit. Spurred on by government programs such as FALCON, SALVO, RASCAL, SWORDS, NEXT, and VCLS and the rapid proliferation of CubeSats and nanosatellites, more than 15 different commercial, semi-commercial, and government entities worldwide are now working on new entrants of this class. This paper presents an overview of all of the small satellite launch systems under development today We will compare capabilities, stated mission goals, and cost and funding sources where available. We purposely avoid making any judgements on vehicle maturity as we do not have personal insight into the design and development of many of these new entrants. The nature of this survey limited us to publically available information – whether on the web, social media, traditional media, or published papers. The authors welcome any comments, feedback, or corrections. BACKGROUND opportunities available to them. For the past five years, there has been an increasing swell of interest in having The Tradition of Small Launch Vehicles new, lower cost, dedicated small launchers. This has Today’s intermediate and large launch vehicles, - Atlas led to a new wave of proposed small launch vehicles Delta, Falcon and Ariane 5 started their lives in a ranging in capability from a single 3U CubeSat smaller form. The Delta as Thor, growing from an (roughly 5 kg) to larger small launch vehicles reaching Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile with space launch a metric ton. capabilities a bit above a metric ton to the heaviest launch vehicle the US is currently flying. Atlas from an CONTENDERS InterContinental Ballistic Missile with staging engines New Entrants and a pressure stabilized tank to today’s launch vehicle that nearly equals the Delta IV heavy in capability. This survey’s goal was to identify active commercial Ariane V grew from the purpose-designed Ariane I. (or so designated) efforts in the field of small launch Similarly SpaceX’s Falcon 1 was quickly abandoned in vehicles. Before starting the survey we laid down some favor of the larger Falcon 9. Only the Scout stayed requirements for inclusion in the list. This was needed small – limited by its technology and eventually being both to limit the field and to provide some clear replaced by the Pegasus to fulfill NASA’s need for a definition of what an “active effort” entails. These small space launch vehicle. Pegasus has a capacity that requirements are neither scientifically rigorous nor can’t be easily expanded to exceed even a half metric complete; rather they are simply designed to serve as a ton. Athena joined Pegasus and Taurus, and several filtering mechanism. To be included in this list a versions of Minotaur came along to utilize excess launch vehicle under development must meet the government assets in meeting the small space launch following requirements: need, but the low launch rate destined these vehicles to high priced niche fillers. • Have a maximum capability to LEO of 1000 kg (definition of LEO left to the LV provider). The CubeSat Revolution • The effort must be for the development of an Just like ORBCOMM and Iridium led the commercial entire launch vehicle system (with the perception of a need for small launchers in the 1980s exception of carrier aircraft for air launch and 90s (and Pegasus development directly), CubeSats vehicles). are leading the demand now. As CubeSat capability increases, operators are no longer satisfied with the traditional rideshare and secondary payload Niederstrasser 1 29th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites • Mentioned through a web site, social media, Existing Systems traditional media, conference paper, press Today only two operational systems fit into the release, etc. sometime after 2010. category of “small launch vehicles” as defined by the 1000 kg to LEO limit. To give a baseline metric with • No specific indication that the effort has been the current state of mature small launch vehicles, the cancelled, closed, or otherwise disbanded. Orbital ATK Minotaur I and Pegasus XL will be used to contrast where the new entrants stand compared to • Have a stated goal of completing a fully what is currently available. To date all 11 of the operational space launch (orbital) vehicle. Minotaur I flights and the last 28 flights of Pegasus Funded concept or feasibility studies by have been successful. government agencies, patents for new launch methods, etc., do not qualify. Small Space Launch Systems The philosophy behind the guidelines to be considered For our market survey, Table 1 represents an “active” is based on the fact many of these efforts alphabetical roster of the name of the organization and require some amount of confidentiality and launch vehicles that the organization plans on offering secretiveness or may go dormant as a result of funding for commercial service. It also includes the published gaps. Therefore we do not consider the absence of new date of first launch (if available), and country(s) of information (in the last five years) to be indicative of origin. For simplicity sake, future references will only the project standing down. refer to the launch vehicle name, as each launch vehicle has individual characteristics, whereas some organizations have multiple launch vehicles. When an organization has multiple variants of a launch vehicle, only the smallest will be considered.. Table 1: Space Launch Systems Organization Launch Vehicle Name Country of Origin Current First Launch Date Boeing ALASA USA Q1 2016 Lockheed Martin Athena Ic USA After contract award zero2infinity Bloostar Spain CubeCab CubeCab USA July 2017 Scorpius Space Launch Company Demi-Sprite USA Rocket Lab Electron USA/New Zealand 2015 Firefly Firefly α USA 2017 Generation Orbit GO Launcher 2 USA Q4 2016 ARCA Space Corporation Haas 2C Rumania/USA Virgin Galactic LauncherOne USA Q4 2016 XCOR Aerospace Lynx Mark III USA 2017+ MISHAAL Aerospace M-OV USA Orbital ATK Minotaur I USA 2000 Garvey Spacecraft Corporation Nanosat Launch Vehicle USA Interorbital Systems NEPTUNE N5 USA Q4 2015 Open Space Orbital Neutrino I Canada Orbital ATK Pegasus XL USA 1990 Celestia Aerospace Sagitarius Space Arrow Spain Q1 2016 Ventions SALVO USA 2015 Swiss Space Systems SOAR Switzerland 2017 U. Hawaii, Aerojet Rocketdyne, Sandya Super Strypi USA October 2015 Lin Industrial Таймыр Russia MARKET SURVEY parameters. Not all companies will be listed in all We conducted a market survey to identify a variety of tables, as some information may not be published. performance, design, and financial parameters. Each of the following sections presents a subset of these Niederstrasser 2 29th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites Launch Method/Location oxide and acetylene. A key requirement of the ALASA To start the characterization of the launch system, we program is that the carrier aircraft must be unmodified will start with the fundamental base – how/where the (or still able to fulfill its original mission). Unique to space launch system starts its journey to space. For Boeing’s design is a tractor propulsion system for stage many of the launch systems, this has not been 1, allowing both stages to share engines, thereby designated at this time – simply the launch mode will reducing cost. The rocket uses four canted fixed be designated – ground, air, or water. Table 2 lists nozzles on each stage, achieving attitude control details of how the space launch system starts its journey through differential thrust. upward. Athena Ic – The latest generation of Lockheed Martin’s Athena I vehicle utilizes two solid stages, a Table 2: Launch Method and Location liquid third stage (that can be replaced with an optional Launch vehicle Launch Launch Location dual mode bipropellant third stage). The Athena Ic Name Method ALASA Air Global capitalizes on previous Athena designs and Lockheed Athena Ic Land 4 US Spaceports Martin’s long history of experience in launch vehicles, Bloostar Balloon Int'l Water only upgrading its obsolete second stage solid motor CubeCab Air Int'l Water with a currently available solid motor. Demi-Sprite Land Electron Land Birdling’s Flat, NZ Bloostar – Zero2Infinty offers a unique launch vehicle Firefly α Land Kodiak preferred design that is lofted via high altitude balloon before GO Launcher 2 Air USA, PR, UK Haas 2C Land being air launched. Since the powered flight occurs in LauncherOne Air Int'l Water the upper atmosphere where atmospheric density is Lynx Mark III Land/Suborbital KSC or Mojave negligible, the Bloostar utilizes three concentric, M-OV Land toroidal stages rather than traditional elongated, in-line Minotaur I Land VAFB, KLC, WFF, stages. All stages utilize liquid cryogenic propellants CCAFS Nanosat Launch Land and identical engines – varying the number of engines Vehicle per the stage requirements. NEPTUNE N5 Land Intl’ Water Neutrino I Land CubeCab – CubeCab’s small launch vehicle is Pegasus XL Air Int’l Water – Multiple optimized for launching a 3U CubeSat. The CubeCab locations demonstrated Sagitarius Space Air Int'l Water is launched from an F-104 fighter yet. Details on the Arrow rocket design are not publically available. SALVO Air CCAFS SOAR Air/Suborbital Demi-Sprite – The Scorpius Space Launch Company Super Strypi Land Hawaii (sister company of Microcosm) is developing the Demi- Таймыр Land Sprite as part of its line of modular Scorpius vehicles. The Demi-Sprite is one of the smallest vehicles in the Vehicle Technology line. The vehicle uses six identical cores for the first Many of the new entrant launch vehicles have a stage with a seventh core as a second stage.