Archaeological Investigations at Timberly Road, Mangere Road, Timberly Investigations at Archaeological Clough and Associates Monograph Series no. 18 FLOOD MITIGATION SCHEME KAEO, NORTHLAND FINAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING AND EXCAVATION REPORT (SITES P04/760 & P04/761) By Richard Shakles (BA Hons, BSc) Report prepared for Sarah Phear (PhD) Northland Regional Council Rod Clough (PhD) Under NZHPT Authority No. 2012/520 FLOOD MITIGATION SCHEME KAEO, NORTHLAND: FINAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING AND EXCAVATION REPORT (SITES P04/760 & P04/761) Under NZHPT Authority No. 2012/520 Report prepared for Northland Regional Council By Richard Shakles (BA Hons, BSc) Sarah Phear (PhD) Rod Clough (PhD) April 2015 (Reissued 2017) Clough & Associates Ltd. [email protected] 321 Forest Hill Rd, Waiatarua, AUCKLAND 0612 Telephone: (09) 814 1946 Mobile 0274 850 059 www.clough.co.nz TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Project Background ....................................................................................................................... 1 Historical Background..................................................................................................................... 4 Maori Settlement ........................................................................................................................... 4 The Boyd Massacre ....................................................................................................................... 5 The Wesleyan Mission at Kaeo ..................................................................................................... 7 Early Traders and Industry .......................................................................................................... 14 Physical Environment & Geoarchaeology ................................................................................... 17 Kaeo River Valley: Physical Environment .................................................................................. 17 Environmental History of the Kaeo River Valley ....................................................................... 17 Archaeological Background .......................................................................................................... 21 Previous Archaeological Research .............................................................................................. 21 Wesleydale Mission and War Memorial Library ........................................................................ 24 Information from Early Plans ...................................................................................................... 32 Monitoring Results......................................................................................................................... 38 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 38 Monitoring Works ....................................................................................................................... 38 Site P04/760 ................................................................................................................................. 41 Site P04/761 Excavation Results ................................................................................................... 48 Archaeological Investigation ....................................................................................................... 48 Excavation Results ...................................................................................................................... 49 Artefacts .......................................................................................................................................... 77 Artefact Assemblage.................................................................................................................... 77 Environmental & C14 Dating Analysis ........................................................................................ 80 Charcoal Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 80 Radiocarbon Dating ..................................................................................................................... 81 Discussion & Conclusions.............................................................................................................. 85 Excavation ................................................................................................................................... 85 Site P04/760 ................................................................................................................................. 85 Site P04/761 ................................................................................................................................. 86 Site Survival ................................................................................................................................ 92 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 93 References ....................................................................................................................................... 94 Acknowledge-ments .................................................................................................................... 98 Appendices ...................................................................................................................................... 99 Appendix 1: Context Records ........................................................................................................ 100 Appendix 2: Radiocarbon Dating .................................................................................................. 109 Appendix 3: Identification of charcoal from sites P04/760 & P04/761 ......................................... 112 Appendix 4: NZAA Site Record Forms ......................................................................................... 114 Clough & Associates Ltd. Page i Kaeo Flood Mitigation Scheme Final Investigation Report List of Figures Figure 1. General location map of Kaeo within northern Northland .............................................................. 2 Figure 2. Aerial image illustrating Pohue Pa and the general area of works .................................................. 2 Figure 3. Aerial plan illustrating the works of the Kaeo Flood Mitigation Scheme ....................................... 3 Figure 4. A reconstruction by French artist Louis Auguste Sainson of the capture of the Boyd. ................... 6 Figure 5. A pencil sketch of the Mission at Kaeo by the Reverend Nathaniel Turner c.1825 ...................... 11 Figure 6. Plan of the original Wesleyan Mission land claim at Kaeo. .......................................................... 12 Figure 7. 1824 Watercolour by Daniel Tyerman, of the newly constructed mission station ........................ 13 Figure 8. 1850 Plan of Spickman’s house, Wesleyan Mission, and the Dromedary Road ........................... 15 Figure 9. A view of Kaeo c.1900 .................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 10. Team of bullocks hauling kauri, prior to land being cleared for farming .................................... 16 Figure 11. LiDAR-derived hillshade digital elevation model of the Kaeo River and floodplain ................. 20 Figure 12. NZAA ArchSite map illustrating recorded archaeological sites in the area ................................ 24 Figure 13. Pohue Pa (P04/238) ..................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 14. Whites Aviation 1966 aerial photograph of Kaeo, ..................................................................... 26 Figure 15. Map of named pa sites in the Whangaroa Harbour area. ............................................................. 27 Figure 16. NZAA ArchSite map of archaeological sites in the Whangaroa Harbour ................................... 28 Figure 17. Plan of test pits and trenches excavated on Pohue Pa ................................................................ 29 Figure 18. Calibrated posterior distributions from the Pohue Pa chronometric data .................................... 30 Figure 19. Likelihood of occupation through time for Pohue Pa .................................................................. 31 Figure 20. Plan OLC 69 of the Maunga-Whero Block, 1881 ....................................................................... 33 Figure 21. Detail from OLC 69 ..................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 22. 1881 Plan of Subdivisions of Maungawhero Blk III, Kaeo River, Whangaroa .......................... 35 Figure 23. Detail of SO1235 (Figure 22) ...................................................................................................... 36 Figure 24. SO762 Taraire Block, with the Kaeo Block III (Maungawhero – Spickman’s Grant) ................ 37 Figure 25. Haul Rd route, western stopbank section, silt trap and test pits to south of Pohue Pa ................ 41 Figure 26. South-west facing section of Test Pit 1. .....................................................................................