ZANZIBAR: THE NINE-HOUR REVOLUTION By ANN LEE GRIMSTAD A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Ann Lee Grimstad To Mom and Kwayi, both of whom I love more than I can say. And to Zanzibaris everywhere, thank you for sharing your history with me. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful to the Center for African Studies at the University of Florida. The faculty and programs at this center are what drew me to UF, and it was a wonderful place to undertake a PhD program. I am indebted to the US Department of Education for the Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Grant that funded my research. I was also fortunate to receive travel grants from the UF Department of History Graduate School and the Center for African Studies. I am also thrilled to have found such supportive colleagues in my current Department of History at Mt. San Antonio College, and I greatly appreciate their advice and camaraderie. My mentors, professors, and friends who have been supporting me in this endeavor for many years including Luise White, whose scholarly knowledge is incredibly vast; I feel fortunate to have had such ready access to it. I could not have had a more diligent advisor, who read and commented with alacrity and depth. Thank you for your continued support through what became a much longer process than I had intended. To Sue O’Brien, friend and sounding board; I enjoyed TAing for you as well as our conversations and debates on numerous subjects. Cheers to Roman Loimeier, whose humility is rare, particularly for a scholar of his caliber, and whose humor is infectious; a superb lecturer with whom I found an uncommon affinity. Thank you for your comments and insights on the research process and drafts. I thank Matt Jacobs, Michelle Campos, and Leo Villalon for being on my committee and providing support and guidance throughout. I also thank Staffan Lindberg and his “firesite” group, including elder statesmen of African Politics, Goran Hyden and Rene Lemarchand, who provided great intellectual sustenance, kept me sharp in a second discipline, and tried to convince me I was actually a political scientist. 4 I wish to thank my UF sisters and brothers who kept me sane, challenged me, danced with me, and supported me: Jessica Morey, who read and commented on more drafts of more papers and chapters than I can count; Patricia Mupeta, Levy Odera, Wynie Pankani, Scott McPherson, George Njoroge, and Ann Wainscott. In Zanzibar, I was significantly assisted by Said Omar, Helen Peeks, and Nat Quansah, as well as all the staff at the SIT office in Vuga, (including the late Ali Issa Barwani). Thanks to Humoud Dugheish, Mohamed Jiddawi, and Ahmed Rajab for introducing me to many interviewees and having lively discussions and debates on a range of topics about this historical event. We thank Fatma Jinja, may she rest in peace, for becoming Kwayi’s Bibi and treating us like family. We felt so very welcomed personally by Fatma Uddu and her family who provided playmates for Kwayi and were so generous with food during both Ramadhan and Eid celebrations. Jamal Adi was an invaluable source of information and contacts. Kassim Juma and his family were generous hosts to my family. My taxi drivers, Mohamed, Jamshid, and Rashid definitely became part of my project, as they served as de facto research assistants and friends. I also thank watu wengi in Zanzibar who generously gave their time to me, whether through interviews, guidance, or friendship. Shukran. I also thank watu wengi (many people) in Zanzibar who gave their time generously to me, whether through interviews, guidance, or friendship. Shukran. In Uganda, I owe a debt of gratitude to Kenneth Odur, who was research assistant and translator extraordinaire. Dan and Harriet Lumonya, Charlotte Mafumbo, and Martha Nalubega supported me in countless ways. Since I am now an historian, I cannot leave out the beginning of the path that took me here. I began this journey, in a way, as an SIT Study Abroad student on the 5 coast of Kenya. SIT was also the career platform off of which I dove into this PhD program. I learned so much from all the Africa ADs at SIT Study Abroad, particularly Athman Lali Omar, Mary Lou Forward, and my big sister, the Honorable Professor Naana Jane Opoku-Agyemang. My path would have gone in a completely different direction had I not been introduced to Swahili society by my brother, mentor, colleague, and friend, Athman. Shukran, ndugu. I am most grateful for my sister, Betsy, and her family for hosting me in London numerous times, enabling me to utilize various archives in the UK. I want to thank my parents, Julie and Chuck Grimstad, who, through their loving upbringing, provided me with the education and experiences that empowered me, perhaps more than they had intended. Regardless of how divergent my path has been from theirs, they continue to support and honor my choices. And, finally, I thank my husband, Blaise Ndjamen, whose love and support have enabled me to complete this arduous process. May we continue to sustain one another in our scholarly pursuits, as well as personally. This work is dedicated to my Mom, whose love has always nurtured me, and to my daughter, Kwayi, whom I hope to provide with the same nourishing love. While in Zanzibar conducting my research, three year-old Kwayi asked me every morning, “Where are you going today, Mama: the archives, the office, or interviews?” I hope this process has taught her that Moms can do whatever they set their minds to, and continue to love their children all the while. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 12 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1 “KILA MOJA ANA WAZO LAKE” ............................................................................ 14 Remembering the Revolution: 50 Years Later ........................................................ 14 Overview of Zanzibari Political Parties 1956-1963 .................................................. 15 “Homespun Historians” ........................................................................................... 18 This Dissertation: Key Moments from a Burglary that became a Revolution .......... 20 This Story Needs to Be Told: the Un-Silencing? ..................................................... 24 Selected Literature Review ..................................................................................... 27 Main Argument: Multiplicity ..................................................................................... 30 Getting Rid of Colonialism and Oppression ...................................................... 33 On the British and Injustice............................................................................... 35 The Birthing Process of the Revolution ............................................................ 36 Bibliographical Source Notes and Chapter Breakdowns ........................................ 37 2 “IS BRITAIN IN FACT RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS? WAS OUR STEWARDSHIP REALLY DESERVING OF SUCH RESULTS?” ...................................................... 40 Electoral Design ...................................................................................................... 44 The Blood Report ............................................................................................. 46 Timing of Independence and the Varying Perceptions ..................................... 49 Defense Treaty ....................................................................................................... 52 Revolution as Anti-Imperial: What Uhuru, Whose Uhuru? Or the British Are against Us ............................................................................................................ 57 British Relationships with the ZNP .......................................................................... 60 British Residents .............................................................................................. 63 The British Support for the Sultan .................................................................... 64 Decolonization and Army Mutinies ................................................................... 67 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 69 3 SHOOTING CROWS .............................................................................................. 70 The Afro-Shirazi Party Revolutionary Story ............................................................ 72 The Invasion Theory ............................................................................................... 73 Analytical Division of the Revolution ....................................................................... 75 7 Reasons/motivations behind Revolt ........................................................................ 76 Justice, Oppression, Colonialism ..................................................................... 79 Laborers ..........................................................................................................