Thesis-1975D-R232e.Pdf (2.659Mb)

Thesis-1975D-R232e.Pdf (2.659Mb)

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZER AND WATER COMBINATIONS ON PREDATOR POPULATIONS, FLEAHOPPER POPULATION, INSECT DAMAGE, FRUIT PRODUCTION, AND YIELD OF COTTON IN OKLAHOMA By SANIT RATANABHUMMA,, Bachelor of Science Kasetsart University Bangkok, Thailand 1968 Master of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1972 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 1975 I~ 1'1"1oD K. ,). 3 :< -e_ ~'r4. OKLAHOMA . · STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY MAY 12 1976 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZER AND WATER COMBINATIONS ON PREDATOR POPULATIONS, FLEAHOPPER POPULATION, INSECT DAMAGE, FRUIT PRODUCTION, AND YIELD OF COTTON IN OKLAHOMA Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College 938!)8 4 ii PREFACE I wish to acknowledge and thank Dr. J. H. Young, Department of Entomology, for his guidance, supervision, and warm encouragement as major adviser for the duration of the study. Special thanks and appreciation are extended to Dr. D. C. Peters, Dr. R. G. Price, Dr. W. A. Drew, all of the Department of Entomology, for their valuable advice and services as members of the Graduate Committee. Special thanks and appreciation are also extended to Dr. R. D. Morrison, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, for serving on the Graduate Committee and for his assistance in the analysis of the data. Appreciation is extended to Mr. Paul Kruska, Superintendent of the Oklahoma State University Irrigation Research Station in Altus, Oklahoma, and Mr. v. L. Strickland, Foreman, Southwest Agronomy Research Station, Tipton, Oklahoma, and their staffs for their assistance and cooperation in growing and harvesting the cotton used in the tests. Special thanks are extended to Dr. William B. Massey, Jr., and Dr. John H. Pickle, Jr., Glynadee Edwards, Yong-yoot Singhaseni, Don R. Molnar, Ethyl K. Johnson, and Chin-ling Wang for their assistance in collecting the data. Gratitude is expressed for the financial support from the Oklahoma State University Agricultural Experiment Station and the Cooperative States Research Service and the Royal Thai Government. iii My most sincere appreciation is expressed to my wife, Boonsri, my parents, all other members of the Ratanabhummas, relatives, and friends who have given me encouragement and moral support throughout this study. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS AND PREDATORS IN OK.LAHOMA COTTON FIELDS . 4 Destructive Insects 4 Predators 5 III. ARTHROPOD ABUNDANCE IN COTTON AS AFFECTED BY FERTILITY AND WATER MANAGEMENT 7 IV. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZER AND WATER COMBINATIONS ON PREDATOR POPULATIONS, FLEAHOPPER POPULATION, INSECT DAMAGE, FRUIT PRODUCTION, AND YIELD ON TAMCOT 788 COTTON. • • ••• li Materials and Methods 12 Results and Discussion • 14 Summary 22 V. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZER AND WATER COMBINATIONS ON PREDATOR POPULATIONS, FLEAHOPPER POPULATION, INSECT DAMAGE, FRUIT PRODUCTION, AND YIELD ON WESTBURN 70 COTTON . • . • • 25 Materials and Methods 25 Results and Discussion • 27 Summary 36 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS • 38 REFERENCES CITED • 41 APPENDIX • 44 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Average Numbers in Thousands of Beneficial Arthropods Per Acre on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 45 II. Average Numbers in Thousands of Hooded Beetles Per Acre on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 • • • • • • 46 III. Average Numbers in Thousands of Collops Beetles Per Acre on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 47 IV. Average Numbers in Thousands of Lady Beetles Per Acre on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 48 V. Analyses of Variances for Hooded Beetles, Collops Beetles, and Lady Beetles Collected from Tamcot 788 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 • • • • • • 49 VI. Average Numbers in Thousands of Spiders Per Acre on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 ••••••••• 50 VII. Average Numbers in Thousands of Total Beneficial Arthropods Per Acre on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 197 2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 51 VIII. Analyses of Variances for Spiders and Total Beneficial Arthropods Collected from Tamcot 788 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 • . • • . • • • • . • • . • • 52 IX. Average Numbers in Thousands of Fleahoppers, Heliothis Damaged Fruits, and Boll Weevil Damaged Fruits Per Acre on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 • . • . • . 53 x. Average Numbers in Thousands of Fleahoppers, Per Acre on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 54 vi Table Page XI. Average Numbers in Thousands of Boll Weevil Damaged Fuits Per Acre on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 55 XII. Per Cent Heliothis and Boll Weevil Damaged Fruits on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 . • . 56 XIII. Analyses of Variances for Fleahoppers and Boll Weevil Damaged Fruits Collected from Tamcot 788 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 • • • . • • • • • 57 XIV. Average Numbers in Thousands of Squares, Blooms, and Bolls Per Acre on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 • • • . • • . • . 58 xv. Average Numbers in Thousands of Squares Per Acre on Tarncot 788 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 ..•. 59 XVI. Average Numbers in Thousands of Blooms Per Acre on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 . • . • . 60 XVII. Average Numbers in Thousands of Bolls Per A~re on Tamcot 788 Cotton by Treatment and Sam1hing Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 ...•.• 61 XVIII. Analyses of Variances for Squares, Blooms, and Bolls on Tarncot 788 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 • . 62 XIX. Pounds of Stripper Tamcot 788 Cotton Harvested Per Plot and Calculations to Convert the Yield to Pound Per Acre, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 63 XX. Analysis of Variances for Yields of Tamcot 788 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1972 • . • • . 64 XXI. Correlation Coefficients Adjusted for Replication and Treatment Among Beneficial Arthropods, Fleahoppers, Cotton Production, Insect Damage, and Yield on Tamcot 788 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 197 2 • • . • . • . • . • • . • . 65 XXII. Average Numbers in Thousands of Beneficial Arthropods Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Treatment, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 • • • . • • • • . • • 66 XXIII. Average Numbers in Thousands of Spiders Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 • • . • . • • . • • . • . 67 vii Table Page XXIV. Average Numbers in Thousands of Lacewing Eggs Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 68 xxv. Analyses of Variances for Spiders and Lacewing Eggs Collected from Westburn 70 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 •••...•••.. 69 XXVI. Average Numbers in Thousands of Hooded Beetles Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 70 XXVII. Average Numbers in Thousands of Lady Beetles Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 •.•• 71 XXVIII. Average Numbers in Thousands of Total Beneficial Arthropods Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Tr.eatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 197 3 • • . • • . • • . • • • • . 72 XXIX .. Analyses of Variances for Hooded Beetles, Lady Beetles, and Total Beneficial Arthropods Collected from Westburn 70 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 ••...••••.•••• 73 xxx. Average Numbers in Thousands of Fleahoppers and Heliothis Damaged Fruits Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Treatment, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 74 XXXI. Average Numbers in Thousands of Fleahoppers Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 75 XXXII. Average Numbers in Thousands of Heliothis Damaged Fruits Per Acr.e on Westburn 70 by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 76 XXXIII. Per Cent Heliothis Damaged Fruits on Westburn 70 Cotton by Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 77 XXXIV. Analyses of Variances for Fleahopper and Heliothis Damaged Fruits Collected from Westburn 70 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 • • . • • • . • • • • • 78 XXXV. Average Numbers in Thousands of Squares, Blooms, and Bolls Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Treatment, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 . • • . • . • . 79 viii Table Page XXXVI. Average Numbers in Thousands of Squares Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 • • • 80 XXXVII. Average Numbers in Thousands of Blooms Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 81 XXXVIII. Average Numbers in Thousands of Bolls Per Acre on Westburn 70 Cotton by Treatment and Sampling Date, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 82 XXXIX~ Analyses of Variances for Squares, Blooms, and Bolls Collected from Westburn 70 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 .•••••••.••• 83 XL. Pounds of Stripper Westburn 70 Cotton Harvested Per Plot and Calculations to Convert the Yield to Pounds Per Acre, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 • • • • • . • • 84 XLI. Analysis of Variances for Yield of Westburn 70 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 . • . • • • • 85 XLII. Correlation Coefficients Adjusted for Replication and Treatment Among Beneficial Arthropods, Fleahoppers, Cotton Production, Insect Damage, and Yield on Westburn 70 Cotton, Tipton, Oklahoma, 1973 • • • . • • • • • • • • 86 XLIII. The Monthly Rainfall Totals in Inches of the Years 1972 and 1973 at Southwestern Agronomy Research

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