POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES NR 29 RAJMUND GALON MORPHOLOGY OF THE NOTEĆ-WARTA (OR TORUŃ-EBERSWALDE) ICE MARGINAL STREAMWAY WARSAW 1961 WYDAWNICTWA GEOLOGICZNE http://rcin.org.pl 2 & £. *yr2t>T.<aL+*^; POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES NR 29 http://rcin.org.pl PRACE GEOGRAFICZNE Nr 29 RAJMUND GALON MORFOLOGIA PRADOLINY NOTECI—WARTY (LUB TORUŃSKO—EBERSWALDZKIEJ) * rEOrPA$MHECKME T P y £ bl Ne 29 PAlłMy Hfl TAJIOH MOPc^OJIOrMH nPA^OJIMHbl HOTELS— BAPTbl (JIMBO TOPyHBCKO-SEEPCBAJIBßCKOJl) http://rcin.org.pl V POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES NR 29 RAJMUND GALON MORPHOLOGY OF THE NOTEĆ-WARTA (OR TORUŃ - EBERSWALDE) ICE MARGINAL STREAMWAY WARSAW 1961 WYDAWNICTWA GEOLOGICZNE http://rcin.org.pl Editorial Committee Editor-in-Chief: S LESZCZYCK1 Member»: R. GALON, M. KLIMASZEWSKI, J. KOSTROWICKI, B. OLSZEWICZ, A. WRZOSEK Secretary of the Editorial Committee: J. WŁODEK-SANOJCA Editorial Council J. BARBAG, J. CZYŻEWSKI, J. DYLIK, K. DZIEWOŃSKI. R. GALON, M. KLIMASZEWSKI, J. KONDRACKI J. KOSTROWICKI, S. LESZCZYCKI, A. MALICKI, B. OLSZEWICZ, J. WĄSOWICZ, jM. KIEŁCZEWSKA-ZALESKA A. Z1ERHOFFER WYDAWNICTWA GEOLOGICZNE — WARSZAWA 1961 t Wydanie I. Nakład 1315+100 egz. Ark. druk. 8+2 zał. Ark. wyd. 10. Pap. druk. sat. III kl. 60 g, El. Oddano do skład. 11. II. 1960 r. Podp. do druku 1. VIII. 1961 r. Druk ukończono w sierpniu 1961 r. — K/06 Cena zł 32,— Krakowskie Zakłady Graficzne Nr 8, Kraków, ul. Kościuszki 3 — Nr zam. 83/60 http://rcin.org.pl CONTENTS More important stages in evolution of opinions on formation of ice-marginal s t r e a m w a y ............................................................................................................................... 7 Terraces of ice-marginal s tre a m w a y ..........................................................................................18 Ice-marginal streamway terrace ( V ) ............................................................................................19 Transitional ice-marginal streamway terrace (IV ).............................................................30 Upper terrace ( I I I ) .........................................................................................................................37 Transitional upper terrace (b), or terrace I I ............................................................................ 44 Transitional upper terrace (a), or terrace I .............................................................................49 General remarks on ice-marginal streamway te rra c e s.....................................................51 Rounding of grains of terrace d ep o sits....................................................................................54 Terraces in various valleys joining the Noteć—Warta ice-marginal streamway . 54 Terraces of Drwęca v a l l e y ..........................................................................................................54 Terraces of outwash and valley of Brda r i v e r .....................................................................57 Terraces of Łobżonka v a lle y ................................................................................................. Terraces of outwash and valley of Gwda r i v e T ..............................................................58 Terraces of outwash and valley of Drawa r i v e r ..............................................................59 Terraces of Warta v a l l e y ..........................................................................................................60 Terraces of Kłodawka v a l l e y ...................................................................................................62 Floor of ice-marginal stream w ay..........................................................................................................64 Noteć—Warta ice-marginal streamway against background of geological struc­ ture of moraine p l a t e a u ................................................................................................................. 70 Geomorphological development of Noteć—Warta ice-marginal streamway . 72 Phase preceding Pomeranian s t a g e ........................................................................................... 72 Maximum phase of Pomeranian stage, or phase of older local outwashes . 73 Recession phase of Odra ice lobe, or phase of younger local outwashes . 75 Phase of shrinkage of Odra ice l o b e ....................................................................................75 Phase of shrinkage of minor ice lobes east of Odra ice lobe, and retreat of Vistula ice l o b e ..................................................................................................................78 Phase of upper t e r r a c e ..................................................................................................................78 Phase of upper middle t e r r a c e ...................................................................................................79 Transformation of Noteć—Warta ice-marginal streamway after northward diversion of Vistula r i v e r ...................................................................................................80 http://rcin.org.pl 6 Rajmund Galon On late-glacial and post-glacial development stages of valley system on Polish L o w l a n d ...............................................................................................................................................84 Proglacial p h a s e ................................................................................................................................ 84 Transition p h a s e ................................................................................................................................ 88 Baltic p h a s e ........................................................................................................................................90 R eferen ces.......................................................................................................................................................92 List of F i g u r e s ........................................................................................................................................96 S t r e s z c z e n i e ............................................................................................................................................... 97 P e 3 K > M 9 .....................................................................................................................................................117 http://rcin.org.pl MORE IMPORTANT STAGES IN EVOLUTION OF OPINIONS ON FORMATION OF ICE-MARGINAL STREAMWAY 1. The ice-marginal streamway * drained by the Lower Noteć and the Lower Warta, also known as the Toruń—Eberswalde ice-marginal streamway belongs to the largest valley forms in the postglacial low­ land. Neither of the localities appearing in the name of this streamway describes its range. The head of this old valley should be looked for farer to the East, either in the valley of the Lower Drwęca or in the valley of the Vistula upstream of Toruń and, further on, in the valley of the Lower Narew. On the other hand, westwards of the Odra and of the valley gap near Eberswalde (,,The Eberswalde Gate") this ice-marginal streamway is continued in the present valleys cf the Finow, Rhin and Havel rivers, which ultimately join the valley of the Elbe river. The term used in the title of the present paper has been chosen due to the fact that the ice-marginal streamway under discussion is now drained mainly by the Noteć and Warta rivers. This ice-marginal streamway, while markedly variable both in gra­ dient and width, and alternately revealing narrow stretches of gap type and extensive basin-shaped widenings, is drained by numerous rivers; even so, it clearly constitutes a unity. The first to notice this was H. Girard, as early as one hundred years ago (23); this author gave a description of the plateau spread between the Elbe and the Vistula and of the valleys extending in an east-west direction in this plateau. After O. Tor e ll (1875) had established the fact of the glaciation cf considerable areas of Europe by the Scandinavian inland ice, G. B e- r e n d t (6) was the first to draw a map of the Noteć—Warta ice-margi­ nal streamway. He connected the formation of ice-marginal streamways on the postglacial lowland with the obstructions which river waters met in their northwards run-off while inland ice was present on the lowland and gradually withdrawing. When the lowland had been liberated from its ice covering, the rivers resumed their original, i. e. northward, direc­ tion of flow. K. K e i 1 h a c k (28, 29) was the first to reach the conclusion that the Noteć—Warta ice-marginal streamway is genetically connected with * Polish „pradolina", German ..Urstromtal", http://rcin.org.pl 8 Rajmund Galon the presence of inland ice during the Pomeranian stage, and that it constituted the path along which meltwater flowed away during this stage. Within this valley he observed two dammed lakes, of Toruń and of Kostrzyn (Küstrin), indicated by basin-shaped widenings of the valley and known as Toruń Basin* and Gorzów (Kostrzyn) Basin**; in these basins the main terrace, formed during the period of the fluvio- glacial run-off, is not inclined or only slightly. According to Keilhack's observation, this terrace lies at the altitude of