DOCUMENT RESUME `ED 116 979 ',S0 008 733 AUTHOR Lynton K.; Si4diqi, Toufiq A. TITLE Environmental Policy.- Law, and AdmiPistr'ation: A Guide to Advanced Study. INSTITUTION Indiana Univ., Bloomington. School of Public and Environmental Affairs. SPONS AGENCY National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE, Jun 74 NOTE 591p. AVAILABLE FROMLynton K. Caldwell, Department of Political Science, Woodburn Hall 213, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 ($7.00) EDRS PRICE MF-$1.08 HC-$29.83 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Administrative Policy; Bibliographies; *Conservation (Environment); Ecology; Energy;, *Environment; Environmental Criteria; Environmental Education; *Environmental Influences; Environmental Research; Higher Education; Interdisciplinary Approach; Laws; *Legal Probleis; *Public Policy; Resource Guides; Social Sciences ABSTRACT This guide is intended to asiist 'the organization of studies dealing with the behayior of human societies and their institutions in relation to their environments. Emphasis is on contemporary industrial and postindustrial society as it expresses its environmental relationships through action defined by policies, laws, and administrative arrangements. The content and organization is essentiaelly multidisciplinary. .Twelve subtopics are organized around the following four major areas:(1) basic erVironmental concepts--introduction and background; (2).environment as a policy issue--origins, characteristics, and'implications;(3) reconciling natural and technical systems--objectives, approaches, and processes; and (4)problems of policy implementation--economic, juridical, 'and institutional. Each of the subtopics is keyed to references in the comprehensive bibliographies. Subtopics are defined and described by an abstract. Bibliographic references to articles and books 'comprise the bulk of the document. For each topic, a set of 10 organizing questions has been provided to enable the student to estimate his comprehension of the subject. (Author/JR) ********************************************44************************ Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from othet source-8. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Neverte-less, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reprOductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS) .EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made froin the original. *********************************************************************** tr, U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATIOP & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION OCT 2 8 1975 THISDOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO. DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN. ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONALINSTTUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLVC,Y ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY,LPN AND ADMINISTRATION A A GUIDE TOADVANCED STUDY A guide to study of theinstitutional arrangements andpolitical processes by whichhuman society manages natural systemsand resources, and attemptsto reconcile its demands uponthe nat- ural world with the ability of natureto sustain Jiving systems, levels of to support technical systems,and to provide specified environmental quality with continuing economyof human effort. R Prepared by 7 Lynton -K. Caldwell and Toufiq A. Siddiqi Environmental Studies Program School of Public andEnvironmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington June 1974 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Preparatior;andPublication of this ,,Study Guide was assisted by a grant from The National Scierre Foundation A large numberof people participated in the preparation ofthis publication.In addition to the authors, those most directly involved include the following: Jolene Cabral, ManuelCabral, Stephen Elwell, David McMullen, and Grace Smith. Special acknowledgment belongs to Mrs. Anna Strikis forfinal editing and to my secretary, Mrs. Jan Lundy, for hereditorial assistance; to Michael Parrish for assistance fromthe Library of the School of Public and Environmental Affairsand for his advice and counsel; and to the staffs of the IndianaUniversity Libraries generall>f especially to the GovernmentPublications' librarians, for their unfailing patience and cooperation. 0(") TABLE OF CONTENTS. a PRELIMINARIES PAGES Acknowledgements Foreword Some Notes on Sources and Bibliography xi, BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL CONiC,..t IS INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Basic Concepts: Cultural and Scientific 03 ENVIRONMENT AS A POLICY ISSUE ORIGINS CHARACTERISTICS IMPLICATIONS 01. Emergence of,Environtnent as a Public Issue 4 3 02. Systems Approach to Environmental Policies 83 03. Environmental Aspects of Resources Policiesf 111 04. Environmental Health and Human Habitation .143 III RECONCILING NATURAL AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS OBJECTIVES ' APPROACHES PROCESSES 05. Environmental Implications of Energy Systems 205 06. Atmospheric Systems and Air Quality Control 287 07. Hydratil ic Systems and Water Quality Control 317 08. Ecosystem Management and Land-Use Control 365 IV PROBLEMS OF POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ECONOMIC JURIDICAL INSTITUTIONAL 425 Economic Aspects of EnvironmentalPolicies 09. 457 Juridical Aspects of EnvironmentalPolicies 10. 489 11. Administrative Organizotion and Procedure 539 12. International Institutions and Arrangements 4 0 FOREWORD, D This guide is intended Jo assist theorganization of studies dealing withthe behav{.ior of human societies and their institutionsin relation to their environments. Emphasis is oncontemporary industrial andpo'stindustrial society as it expresses its environmental relationships' through action definedby policies, laws, and admin -. istrative arrangements. Content and organization areessentially' multidisciplinary: and synthesizing'. Bibliographical citations maytherefore be classified in ways that are unfamiliar tospecialists in the contributory fields of study. The format of the Guide follows thatpreviously developed at Indiana University for the study of science, technology, andpublic policy)It undertakes to organize the field of inquiry on a broad topicalbasis and to subdivide each-ropic intonib-. topics which are keyed toreferences in comprehensive bibliographies.The Guide has been designed so that it maybeadapted to differing emphases .or to independent study outside the classroom. Each of the twelve topics is definedland described by an abstract.Selected ^references are listed to bring to the attentionof the student certain7 comprehensive necessarily "de- or noteworthycontributions to the topic. These selections are not finitive," however, in the sense thattheyare in every instance the"best" or "most important" writings on the subject.Opinions often differ as NI what shouldbe con- sidered the indispensable writings on aparticular topic. Moreover, items maybe useful or even" essential for a varietyof reasons; an article of uncertainvalue for effort has been made to pro-s one purpose maybehighly significant for'another. An tc5identify the "most vide for a broad range ofpossible uses rather than to presume significantwor:ksr Specific aspects Of eachtopic may be followed up throughthe use of a referencekey. These reference citations,however, are limited to i-epre- materials in sentative samples of a larger literature.They do not contain all of the need,to peruse the bibliographies relating toany particular topical item. The user will the bibliographies for a complete setof references to most topics inthe outlihes. For each topic, a set of ten questionshas been provided,toenable the student subject. To the extenfthat the to make some estimateof his comprehension of the the topic. This student understands the questions,he may be assumed to understand comprehension may be more importantthan being able to answer all thequestions, hot because many of them are intended toprovoke thought or to point out issues, be necessarily to elicit definitiveanswers: And, in any event, valid answers must . preceded by a valid understandingof the questions. 1.Science1 Technology, and PublicPolicy: A Guide to Advanced_Study. Bloomington: School of Prepared by Lynton K. Caldwelland Toufiq A. Siddiqi. Public and Environmental Affairs,Indiana Uni'Versity, 1972. o c4-1c,' Focus ._ Because .t!,,,:;.; be in the United States and Canada, ti.e oroblems and poll - cies.iNleve;r1-.c;le:.,.., sk (or international) with bz,,undaries of our con- cern er.-t:1 le? . .; int organize the .aubiect ir.21 it is difficult to cope, tel 1 ec.,' infinite number of V.'1,:essery to find some infer- form. ctureci relationships "H,e s. , 14 roay, therefore, be helpful to the .:s behind the organization, selection, and tra:..4rnent or the pacric.;10,- "-op: c:;5., fste,observations are needed with respect to focJ5, ' ;^, 1 .e:',Articns seem called for in 'relation to ;he cbnierit ..r.e:.3n publ ;cation. Our subjec; ;ears ga . relationships per se. ,..,- itis instead the prey: . and shape tlieir relation- ships to their these processes are "political." They involve3ocia6' through public institutions, governmental and nonaoven professronai associations, universities, and ir,te-r,,I (.!loices reflect values and power reflectchanging social per - ceptions and :r.i :1(14-" w 1,, 11. :iluminate the general course of Policy is nu; rocrery ,,is tier-'stliif.,:inceof issues and decisions. The cir:um5tune,,,-.. an'` ; nn( be understood without ref- erenk.e to the prol.J1e,n,, e