ZAMBIA LIVELIHOOD MAP REZONING AND BASELINE PROFILING Chiengi Kaputa Mpulungu Mbala Nchelenge Nakonde Mporokoso Kawambwa Isoka Mungwi Mwense Luwingu Kasama Chilubi Chinsali Mansa Samfya Chama VAC Milenge Mwinilunga Mpika Solwezi Chililabombwe Chingola Lundazi Kitwe Lufwanyama Ndola Chavuma Kabompo Serenje Masaiti Mambwe Zambezi Mpongwe Mufumbwe Kasempa Petauke ZAMBIA Kapiri Mposhi Mkushi Katete Chadiza Lukulu Kabwe Nyimba Vulnerability Mumbwa Chibombo Kalabo Mongu Assessment Committee Kaoma Lusaka Chongwe Luangwa Kafue Itezhi-tezhi Namwala Mazabuka Senanga Monze Siavonga Sesheke Shang'ombo Gwembe Choma Kazungula Kalomo Sinazongwe Livingstone 200 0 200 4 Final Report by the Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee October 2004 Lusaka Zambia Table of Contents Table of Contents................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................. iii Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1 Chongwe-Nyimba Plateau Livelihood Zone .....................................................................................10 Gwembe Valley Livelihood Zone .....................................................................................................15 Zambezi West Bank Livelihood Zone...............................................................................................21 Sioma Plains Livelihood Zone...........................................................................................................27 Current Year Analysis .......................................................................................................................32 Acknowledgments The Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee (VAC) wishes to thanks the funding agencies of the above exercise, namely the Regional VAC, FEWSNET / USAID (TO 805) and UNICEF. In addition, the VAC also wishes to acknowledge the participation of the following institutions: ¾ Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Planning, ¾ Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry, ¾ Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, ¾ Central Statistical Office ¾ Meteorological Department), ¾ World Food Program (WFP) ¾ Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) ¾ United Nations Office of the Resident Coordinator / Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) ¾ Zambian Red Cross Society, ¾ CARE International ¾ World Vision Zambia, (WVZ) ¾ Program Against Malnutrition (PAM) ¾ Natural Resources Development College (NRDC) ¾ NRDC, and ACF), ¾ USAID / Famine Early Warning System (FEWS NET) ¾ University of Zambia (UNZA) ¾ Provincial Agriculture Officers and Provincial Planners from all nine provinces of Zambia. Lastly but not the least, the VAC wishes to thank all households and key informants that participated in this survey. Without their cooperation, the assessment would not have been possible. Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee September 2004 iii Zambia Livelihood Profiles Introduction October 2004 Background Following two consecutive years of drought in the 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 cropping seasons, the National Vulnerability Assessment Committee (a consortium of government, NGO and UN agencies) decided to conduct a series of food security assessments in August and December 2002 and in April 2003. This was part of a regional initiative coordinated by the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) Vulnerability Assessment Committee. The purpose of these assessments was to assess food and non-food needs, and inform decision makers on food aid distribution priorities within the country and to guide and inform on- going food security monitoring. The first two assessments focused on the cereal deficit within the country. In the third assessment, in April 2003, the Zambia VAC used, for the first time, a livelihoods-based analysis to derive food security information. The Food Economy Approach was utilised and examined livelihoods within zones, and within and across wealth groups. Following that exercise, the Zambia VAC decided that there was need to develop a new livelihood zone map for Zambia based on the experiences of the past VAC assessments and on earlier maps. The current exercise aimed to produce a livelihood zone map of Zambia that was agreed by key partners, together with detailed profiles for four livelihood zones.1 To this end, a mapping exercise was conducted in late June 2004 involving provincial representatives from nine provinces and key VAC members and partners from Lusaka. Livelihood zones were defined on a map, which is reproduced in full on page 5, and each zone was briefly described. Following that, 22 VAC members were trained in the theory and practice of conducting food economy baseline assessments. Four livelihood zones were selected for assessment in Phase 1: the Gwembe Valley (in Southern Province), Chongwe- Nyimba Plateau (in Eastern Province), Sioma Plains (Western Province), and Zambezi West Bank (Northwest Province). The choice of zones to visit in this first phase of fieldwork was made according to the areas of the country historically most affected by food insecurity. The teams went to the field for 10-14 days in July 2004 to collect information on wealth groups, sources of food and income, patterns of expenditure, bad year coping strategies, and seasonal calendars for each livelihood zone. Most of the field data was collected from district and community-level key informants and household-level focus groups. The results of that fieldwork are presented in the four livelihood zone profiles that follow this introduction. It is anticipated that Phase 2 will cover the remaining livelihood zones in the country at some point in the near future. Introduction The livelihood profiles that follow document how rural populations in four areas of Zambia live. A livelihood is the sum of ways in which households make ends meet from year to year, and how they survive (or fail to survive) through difficult times. There is increasing interest in using livelihoods analysis as the ‘lens’ through which to view a number of problems. These problems range from emergency response to disaster mitigation to longer-term development. This interest rests upon two basic observations: 1) Information about a given area or community can only be properly interpreted if it is put into context with how people live. 2) Interventions can only be designed in ways appropriate to local circumstances if the planner knows about local livelihoods and whether or not a proposed intervention will build upon or undermine existing strategies. Two main products are offered here: The map shows the division of the country into homogeneous zones National Livelihood Zone Map defined according to a livelihoods framework. The four profiles describe the major characteristics of each zone, including a brief differentiation of the food security status of different Livelihood Zone Profiles wealth groups. There is some emphasis on hazards and the relative capacity of different types of households in different places to withstand them. 1 This exercise was funded by the Regional Vulnerability Assessment Committee (RVAC), which funded the participation of VAC members, and FEWS NET, which funded the three external consultants. Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee September 2004 1 Uses of the Profiles The livelihood zoning and profiles presented here offer an analysis of food security on a geographical basis. The country is divided into homogeneous zones defined according to a livelihoods framework. A brief description of four zones is provided, including an analysis of the position of different wealth groups within the zone. It is envisaged that this product will be useful on three levels, as follows. 1. An Introductory Guide to Food Security in the Country The profiles pack considerable information and analysis into a few pages of presentation. They should therefore form a useful briefing for a newcomer who needs to get a quick grasp of food security conditions in the four zones. Development planners can also benefit from using the livelihood profiles. One objective of development is to reduce people’s vulnerability to hazard and to increase their capacity to cope. An important first step is to understand who is vulnerable, to which hazards, and why. Likewise, efforts to reduce poverty require an understanding of how the poorest households survive in different areas of the country and the reasons for their poverty. 2. Early Warning and Food Security Monitoring Most early warning and food security monitoring systems draw heavily from two information sources: (i) crop and/or livestock production data, and (ii) market price information. Given the predominance of production data, local food security is often equated with production outcomes. Hence, a chronic or temporary production deficit against local food requirement is immediately translated into chronic or temporary food insecurity. This is almost never the whole story. A full account of the food economy addresses both food supply—that is, what food people produce—and food demand—what cash people earn to purchase food. Thus, data on casual employment or wild foods, or charity from relatives or the sale of handicrafts is equally important to the livelihood story as data on crop and livestock production.