Nuclear Security: Global Directions for the Future Proceedings of an international conference London, 16–18 March 2005 IAEA SAFETY RELATED PUBLICATIONS IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to establish or adopt standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property, and to provide for the application of these standards. The publications by means of which the IAEA establishes standards are issued in the IAEA Safety Standards Series. This series covers nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport safety and waste safety, and also general safety (i.e. all these areas of safety). The publication categories in the series are Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. Safety standards are coded according to their coverage: nuclear safety (NS), radiation safety (RS), transport safety (TS), waste safety (WS) and general safety (GS). Information on the IAEA’s safety standards programme is available at the IAEA Internet site http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ The site provides the texts in English of published and draft safety standards. The texts of safety standards issued in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, the IAEA Safety Glossary and a status report for safety standards under development are also available. For further information, please contact the IAEA at P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. All users of IAEA safety standards are invited to inform the IAEA of experience in their use (e.g. as a basis for national regulations, for safety reviews and for training courses) for the purpose of ensuring that they continue to meet users’ needs. Information may be provided via the IAEA Internet site or by post, as above, or by e-mail to [email protected]. OTHER SAFETY RELATED PUBLICATIONS The IAEA provides for the application of the standards and, under the terms of Articles III and VIII.C of its Statute, makes available and fosters the exchange of information relating to peaceful nuclear activities and serves as an intermediary among its Member States for this purpose. Reports on safety and protection in nuclear activities are issued in other publications series, in particular the Safety Reports Series. Safety Reports provide practical examples and detailed methods that can be used in support of the safety standards. Other IAEA series of safety related publications are the Provision for the Application of Safety Standards Series, the Radiological Assessment Reports Series and the International Nuclear Safety Group’s INSAG Series. The IAEA also issues reports on radiological accidents and other special publications. Safety related publications are also issued in the Technical Reports Series, the IAEA-TECDOC Series, the Training Course Series and the IAEA Services Series, and as Practical Radiation Safety Manuals and Practical Radiation Technical Manuals. Security related publications are issued in the IAEA Nuclear Security Series. NUCLEAR SECURITY: GLOBAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. PROCEEDINGS SERIES NUCLEAR SECURITY: GLOBAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUCLEAR SECURITY: GLOBAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE ORGANIZED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY IN COOPERATION WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION, ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE, INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION, EUROPEAN POLICE OFFICE AND WORLD CUSTOMS ORGANIZATION, HOSTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY AND THE FOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH OFFICE AND HELD IN LONDON, 16–18 MARCH 2005 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2005 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. 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B o x 1 0 0 A-1400 Vienna Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2005 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2005 STI/PUB/1232 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data International Conference on Nuclear Security: Global Directions for the Future (2005 : London, England) Nuclear security : global directions for the future : proceedings of an international conference held in London, 16–18 March 2005 / organized by the IAEA, hosted by the Government of the United Kingdom — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2005. p. ; 24 cm. — (Proceedings series, ISSN 0074–1884) STI/PUB/1232 ISBN 92–0–105905–1 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Radioactive substances — Security measures — Congresses. 2. Radiation sources — Safety measures — Congresses. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series: Proceedings series (International Atomic Energy Agency). IAEAL 05–00410 FOREWORD International terrorism is more far reaching, multifaceted, ruthlessly planned and well financed than ever before. Sub-State actors have shown that they are prepared to attack any target, sacrifice lives (including their own) and use any means to obtain their goals. Criminals have attempted to obtain nuclear and radioactive material. It must be assumed that sub-State actors or criminals may try to acquire weapons of mass destruction, improvise a nuclear explosive device or radiological dispersal device, or attempt to sabotage nuclear facilities, locations or transports. The international community is challenged to make every effort to prevent nuclear or other radioactive material from falling into the wrong hands. Based on a design basis threat, nuclear facilities and other places where radioactive material may be located, as well as transport vehicles, must be protected against sabotage. The potential consequences of any malicious use of nuclear or other radioactive material could be catastrophic and could jeopardize the continued peaceful uses of nuclear technology and applications. The International Conference on Nuclear Security: Global Directions for the Future was convened by the IAEA in cooperation with the European Union, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Interna- tional Criminal Police Organization, the European Police Office and the World Customs Organization and was hosted by the Government of the United Kingdom. The conference considered the threat of malicious acts involving nuclear and other radioactive material; the experiences, achievements and shortcomings of national and international efforts to strengthen the prevention of, detection of and response to malicious acts involving these materials; and the ways and means to achieve future improvements. There were 288 partici- pants at the conference from 68 countries and 12 organizations. This was the first conference of its kind. In the past, conferences have been convened on related subjects: —In May 2001 the IAEA held the International Conference on Security of Material: Measures to Prevent, Intercept and Respond to Illicit Uses of Nuclear Material and Radioactive Sources, which created an awareness of the consequences that might result from illegal activities involving nuclear and other radioactive material. — In March 2003 the IAEA and its cosponsors held the International Conference on the Security of Radioactive Sources, which resulted in a number of findings regarding the promotion of greater international cooperation in addressing the security concerns raised by insufficiently controlled radioactive sources. — The International Conference on National Infrastructures for Radiation Safety, held in Rabat in September 2003, which provided a forum for information exchange on current issues related to the requirements for adequate national radiation safety infrastructures and their evolution towards sustainable and effective systems. The principal aim of this conference was to share information on how to most successfully combat sub-State and criminal threats now and in the future and to foster a better understanding and awareness of the global changes since 11 September 2001. It considered the nature of future threats involving the malicious use of nuclear or other radioactive material, including ways in which assistance and support to countries without the necessary resources can be more effectively provided and sustained. It examined what has been achieved and how effective the existing measures have been, and considered what should be continued and how the international response might be altered to provide a more comprehensive and coherent approach. The conference sought new ideas