The Ideal World Ajoy Thamattoor Changing the world our only way home Content Preface................................................................................... 15 1 Behavioral sciences.............................................................. 17 1.1 Evolving life.................................................................. 18 1.2 Mutating randomly....................................................... 21 1.3 Evolutionary psychology.............................................. 21 1.3.1 Adaptations....................................................... 22 1.3.2 Calibration........................................................ 23 1.3.3 Overrides........................................................... 23 1.3.4 Triggers............................................................. 23 1.3.5 Theories in ÎÚ................................................... 25 1.3.6 Traits which help us survive............................. 27 1.3.7 Making us reproductively åt: mate guarding.... 28 1.3.8 Making us reproductively åt: mating preferences 28 1.3.9 Traits helping us live in groups......................... 31 1.3.10 Unifying evolutionary psychology................. 33 1.3.11 Summary......................................................... 35 1.4 Behavioral genetics....................................................... 38 1.4.1 Tools.................................................................. 39 1.4.2 Heritability........................................................ 40 1.5 Neuroscience................................................................. 41 1.6 Neurochemistry............................................................. 44 1.7 Summing the evidence.................................................. 46 1.7.1 Evolutionary psychology.................................. 46 1.7.2 Behavioral genetics........................................... 47 1.7.3 Neuroscience..................................................... 48 1.7.4 Putting it together............................................. 49 2 The story of sex in time and space...................................... 53 2.1 The major orders of life................................................ 53 2.2 Origin of mating............................................................ 55 2.3 Origin of two sexes....................................................... 56 2.4 Origin of male and female............................................ 57 2.5 Asexual reproduction.................................................... 57 2.6 Sex determination......................................................... 58 2.6.1 Chromosomal differentiation............................ 58 2.6.2 Environmental differentiation........................... 59 2.6.3 Hermaphrodites................................................. 59 2.7 The sex ratio.................................................................. 60 2.8 Development and sex differentiation............................ 63 2.9 Nature of ovulation....................................................... 63 2.10 Mating strategies......................................................... 64 2.11 Mating systems........................................................... 67 2.11.1 Monogamy...................................................... 67 2.11.2 Polygyny......................................................... 68 2.11.3 Polyandry........................................................ 68 2.11.4 Sex reversed species....................................... 69 2.12 Reproduction............................................................... 69 2.12.1 Kin selection................................................... 70 2.12.2 Seasonality...................................................... 71 2.12.3 Delayed implantation...................................... 71 2.12.4 Parenting problems......................................... 72 2.13 Diversity...................................................................... 72 3 The human sex want............................................................ 75 3.1 Anatomy........................................................................ 76 3.2 Physiology..................................................................... 80 3.3 Bancroft’s overall view................................................. 81 3.3.1 The basic pattern............................................... 82 3.3.2 The super-added pattern.................................... 82 3.3.3 The socio-cultural aspect.................................. 83 3.3.4 The theory......................................................... 83 3.4 Sex differences in growth.............................................. 84 3.4.1 The growth stage............................................... 84 3.4.2 Adrenarche........................................................ 87 3.4.3 Puberty.............................................................. 87 3.5 Genital tissue details..................................................... 88 3.5.1 Penis.................................................................. 88 3.5.2 Clitoris.............................................................. 91 3.5.3 The vagina......................................................... 92 3.6 Arousal.......................................................................... 93 3.6.1 Sexual stimuli................................................... 93 3.6.2 Cognitive model of arousal............................... 94 3.6.3 Brain imaging................................................... 95 3.6.4 Conditioning..................................................... 96 3.6.5 Mood................................................................. 96 3.6.6 Sex hormones.................................................... 97 3.7 Erection....................................................................... 100 3.7.1 Men................................................................. 100 3.7.2 Women............................................................ 102 3.8 Orgasm........................................................................ 103 3.8.1 The muscular system...................................... 103 3.8.2 Ejaculation...................................................... 104 3.8.3 The refractory period...................................... 104 3.8.4 Function.......................................................... 104 3.8.5 Vasectomy....................................................... 105 3.9 Development of desire................................................ 105 3.9.1 Deåning Desire............................................... 105 3.9.2 Childhood sexuality........................................ 108 3.9.3 Developing gender identity............................. 109 3.10 Inæuence of and on society....................................... 109 3.10.1 Sex surveys................................................... 109 3.10.2 Masturbation................................................. 110 3.10.3 Premarital sex............................................... 110 3.10.4 Marriage and living together......................... 111 3.10.5 Class and culture........................................... 113 3.11 Ageing....................................................................... 114 3.12 LGBT........................................................................ 115 3.12.1 Homosexuality and bisexuality..................... 115 3.12.2 Transgender identity..................................... 116 3.13 Other variations......................................................... 119 3.13.1 Asexuality..................................................... 119 3.13.2 Fetishes......................................................... 119 3.13.3 Sadomasochism............................................ 120 3.13.4 Pedophilia..................................................... 120 3.13.5 Rare variants................................................. 121 3.14 Sexual problems and treatment................................. 121 3.14.1 Female problems........................................... 122 3.14.2 Male problems.............................................. 123 4 Mating................................................................................. 125 4.1 The mechanics............................................................ 125 4.1.1 The history of the drive................................... 128 4.1.2 Nerves and muscles of the penis and clitoris.. 137 4.1.3 The real data................................................... 138 4.1.4 Point of departure........................................... 138 4.1.5 Intercourse and female orgasm....................... 139 4.2 Sex surveys................................................................. 141 4.3 Sex urge....................................................................... 143 4.3.1 Biochemistry................................................... 143 4.3.2 Intensity of the innate urge............................. 148 4.3.3 Relieving the urge........................................... 152 4.4 Sexual selection.......................................................... 155 4.5 Mood to give sex......................................................... 155 4.6 Comparing to animals................................................. 155 4.6.1 Nematodes...................................................... 155 4.6.2 Fruitæies.......................................................... 156 4.6.3 Rats................................................................. 156 4.6.4 Chimpanzees................................................... 157 4.7 The