A Companion to Priesthood and Holy Orders in the Middle Ages <UN> Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition A series of handbooks and reference works on the intellectual and religious life of Europe, 500-1800 Edited by Christopher M. Bellitto (Kean University) VOLUME 62 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bcct <UN> A Companion to Priesthood and Holy Orders in the Middle Ages Edited by Greg Peters C. Colt Anderson LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> Cover illustration: A Priest Celebrating Mass, Attended by Men and Women. Artist unknown. Bourges or Paris, about 1410. Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment, 17.9 x 13.3 cm. Digital image courtesy of the J. Paul Getty Museum's Open Content Program. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to priesthood and Holy Orders in the Middle Ages / edited by Greg Peters, C. Colt Anderson. pages cm. -- (Brill’s companions to the Christian tradition, ISSN 1871-6377 ; VOLUME 62) ISBN 978-90-04-23673-8 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-30586-1 (e-book) 1. Monasticism and religious orders--History--Middle Ages, 600-1500. 2. Priesthood--History. 3. Deacons--History. I. Peters, Greg, 1971- editor. BX2470.C585 2015 262’.140902--dc23 2015032443 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1871-6377 isbn 978-90-04-23673-8 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-30586-1 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. <UN> Contents List of Illustrations vii List of Abbreviations viii List of Contributors IX 1 Introduction 1 Greg Peters 2 Apostolic Successors: Priests and Priesthood, Bishops, and Episcopacy in Medieval Western Europe 4 Robert N. Swanson 3 Ordinatio and the Priesthood in the Early Middle Ages and Its Visual Depiction 43 Roger E. Reynolds 4 Priesthood in the Byzantine Empire 70 Augustine Casiday 5 Married Clergy in Eastern and Western Christianity 96 David G. Hunter 6 The Imago Christi in the Bishop, Priest, and Clergy 140 Roger E. Reynolds 7 Priests and the Eucharist in the Middle Ages 188 John F. Romano 8 The Priesthood and the Sacrament of Marriage 217 Charles J. Reid, Jr. 9 Teaching Confession in Thirteenth-Century England: Priests and Laity 252 Andrew Reeves 10 Reforming Priests and the Diverse Rhetorics of Ordination and Office from 1123–1418 281 C. Colt Anderson <UN> vi Contents 11 The Radical Renewal of Pastoral Care in the Italian Communes, 1150–1250: Prelates, Secular Clergy, and the Mendicant Orders 306 Michael F. Cusato, O.F.M. 12 From Function to Ontology: The Shifting Diaconate of the Middle Ages 346 William T. Ditewig Ancient Sources Index 373 Scripture Index 378 Modern Author Index 380 Subject Index 381 <UN> List of Illustrations 3.1–3.2 Supplemented Gregorian Sacramentary; Autun, Bibliothèque Municipale ms 19 (19bis), c. 845 57–58 3.3 Drogo Sacramentary; Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Lat. 9428, c. 850 59 3.4 Sacramentary of Warmund; Ivrea, Biblioteca Capitolare 86, c. 1000 60 3.5 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale grec. 510, 9th c 61 3.6–3.17 Rome, Biblioteca Casanatense 724 (B 1 13), c. 970 62–66 <UN> List of Abbreviations ccsl Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina mgh Monumenta Germaniae Historica npnf Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers pg J.-P. Migne (ed.) Patrologia Graeca (Paris: 1857–1866) pl J.-P. Migne (ed.) Patrologia Latina (Paris: 1844–1864) Tanner Norman P. Tanner (ed.) Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 2 vols. Washington, dc: 1990. <UN> List of Contributors C. Colt Anderson is Academic Dean and Associate Professor of Spirituality at the Graduate School of Religion and Religious Education, Fordham University. His interests include the history of spirituality and its relationship to ecclesial reform move- ments, Franciscan theology, the history of exegesis, preaching, ecclesiology/ ecumenism, and ressourcement theology. He has published three books: A Call to Piety: St. Bonaventure’s Collations on the Six Days (2002),Christian Eloquence (2005), and The Great Catholic Reformers: From Gregory the Great to Dorothy Day (2007). Augustine Casiday is a specialist in late ancient and medieval Christian thought and practice, with particular interests in monasticism and theological controversies. In addition to monographs on John Cassian and Evagrius Ponticus, he has published trans- lations of writings by Mark the Monk (with Tim Vivian) and Evagrius. He has edited and co-edited several volumes, includingThe Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 2: Constantine to c. 600 (2007; with Frederick W. Norris) and The Orthodox Christian World (2012). Michael F. Cusato o.f.m. is former director of the Franciscan Institute and dean of its School of Franciscan Studies in St. Bonaventure, New York. As an independent researcher living in Washington, dc, he remains associated with St. Bonaventure University as Distinguished Professor of Franciscan History. Author of numerous articles on the early Franciscan movement and the history of the Order during the Middle Ages, among his current projects can be included an English transla- tion of Peter of John Olivi’s Treatise on Contracts, the publication of an over- view of the economic thought of the Franciscans in the Middle Ages, an article on Bernardino da Feltre’s vision of social justice in fifteenth-century Italy, and a presentation in Siena, Italy on “The Franciscan Fascination with the Future.” Deacon William T. Ditewig is former Executive Director of the Secretariat for the Diaconate at the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in Washington, dc. He currently serves as Executive Professor of Theology at Santa Clara University and on the dioc- esan staff of the Diocese of Monterey, California. A deacon of the Archdiocese <UN> x List of Contributors of Washington, dc, he is the author of many books, articles, and chapters on ecclesiology, the Second Vatican Council, lay ministry, and the diaconate. He is a retired Commander in the United States Navy. He and his wife have four chil- dren and fourteen grandchildren. David G. Hunter is the first occupant of the Cottrill-Rolfes Chair of Catholic Studies at the University of Kentucky. He has published several books and numerous articles on Greek and Latin writers of the early church, among them Augustine, Ambrose, Jerome, Clement of Alexandria, and John Chrysostom. His most recent book, Marriage, Celibacy, and Heresy in Ancient Christianity: The Jovinianist Controversy (2007), studies resistance to asceticism in early Christianity. Co-editor of the Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies (2008), Hunter is currently director of the Fathers of the Church, a series of translations published by The Catholic University of America Press, and a general editor of the forthcoming Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. Greg Peters is Associate Professor of Medieval and Spiritual Theology in the Torrey Honors Institute of Biola University. He is the author of Peter of Damascus: Byzantine Monk and Spiritual Theologian (2011), Reforming the Monastery: Protestant Theologies of the Religious Life (2014), and The Story of Monasticism: Retrieving an Ancient Tradition for Contemporary Spirituality (2015). Andrew Reeves received his doctorate from the University of Toronto’s Centre for Medieval Studies in 2009 and currently teaches history at Middle Georgia State University. His research focuses on points of contact between clerical and lay culture in the Central and Later Middle Ages and he has recently published a monograph on religious education in thirteenth-century England. Charles J. Reid, Jr. is Professor of Law, University of St. Thomas (mn). He has written extensively on the history of marriage, such as Power over the Body, Equality in the Family: Rights and Domestic Relations in Medieval Canon Law (2004). †Roger E. Reynolds taught liturgy at Carleton University in Ottawa before moving to the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies in January 1977 as a visiting fellow in liturgy. He was elected Senior Fellow of the Institute in March 1977 and taught in the fields <UN> List of Contributors xi of liturgy, law, and history in the graduate programs of the Institute and the Centre for Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto. John F. Romano is Assistant Professor and Chair in the Department of History at Benedictine College in Atchison, Kansas. He is responsible for teaching all ancient and medieval history courses at Benedictine. His scholarly interests include medi- eval religion, liturgy, and travel. He is the author of Liturgy and Society in Early Medieval Rome (2014). Robert Swanson is Professor of Medieval Ecclesiastical History at the University of Birmingham, and is a leading historian of the late medieval English church. His major publi- cations include Indulgences in Late Medieval England: Passports to Paradise? (2007), Religion and Devotion in Europe, c.1215–c.1515 (1995), and Church and Society in Late Medieval England (1989). <UN> chapter � Introduction Greg Peters Priesthood and Holy Orders in the Middle Ages is, in many ways, a volume that looks at contemporary issues by way of the medieval sources that serve as the origin of these questions.