c Discor Global Dutch: Studies in Low Countries Culture and History onsensus Series Editor: ulrich tiedau DiscorD & Discord and Consensus in the Low Countries, 1700–2000 explores the themes D & of discord and consensus in the Low Countries in the last three centuries. consensus All countries, regions and institutions are ultimately built on a degree of consensus, on a collective commitment to a concept, belief or value system, 1700–2000 TH IN IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1700–2000 which is continuously rephrased and reinvented through a narrative of cohesion, and challenged by expressions of discontent and discord. The E history of the Low Countries is characterised by both a striving for consensus L and eruptions of discord, both internally and from external challenges. This OW volume studies the dynamics of this tension through various genres. Based C th on selected papers from the 10 Biennial Conference of the Association OUNTRI for Low Countries Studies at UCL, this interdisciplinary work traces the themes of discord and consensus along broad cultural, linguistic, political and historical lines. This is an expansive collection written by experts from E a range of disciplines including early-modern and contemporary history, art S, history, film, literature and translation from the Low Countries. U G EDIT E JANE FENOULHET LRICH is Professor of Dutch Studies at UCL. Her research RDI QUIST AND QUIST RDI E interests include women’s writing, literary history and disciplinary history. BY D JAN T I GERDI QUIST E is Lecturer in Dutch and Head of Department at UCL’s E DAU F Department of Dutch. Her current research focuses on language and E NOULH culture teaching and learning which take cultural complexity and critical intercultural awareness as a starting point. E T, T, ULRICH TIEDAU is Senior Lecturer in Modern Low Countries History and Society at UCL. In addition, he serves as editor-in-chief of Dutch Crossing: Journal of Low Countries Studies. EDITED BY JANE FENOULHET, GERDI QUIST AND ULRICH TIEDAU FRONT COVER IMAGE: Jan Asselijn, The Threatened Swan, c.1650. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. Cover DESign: Rawshock design www.ucl.ac.uk/ucl-press £35.00 Discord and Consensus in the Low Countries, 1700– 2000 GLOBAL DUTCH: STUDIES IN LOW COUNTRIES CULTURE AND HISTORY Series Editor ulrich tiedau Global Dutch explores Netherlandic culture and history through an international lens. It covers not only the core Dutch language area in north-west continental Europe but also other places where Dutch cul- ture has had or continues to have an impact, including parts of the Americas, southern Africa and south-east Asia. Global Dutch is espe- cially concerned with relations between Netherlandic cultures and other cultures – particularly Anglophone – in all periods from the Middle Ages to the present day. Discord and Consensus in the Low Countries, 1700– 2000 Edited by Jane Fenoulhet, Gerdi Quist and Ulrich Tiedau First published in 2016 by UCL Press University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Available to download free: www.ucl.ac.uk/ ucl- press Text © Contributors, 2016 Images © Contributors and copyright holders named in the captions A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library. This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Non-derivative 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work for personal and non-commercial use providing author and publisher attribution is clearly stated. Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0 ISBN: 978– 1– 910634– 29– 5 (Hbk.) ISBN: 978– 1– 910634– 30– 1 (Pbk.) ISBN: 978– 1– 910634– 31– 8 (PDF) ISBN: 978– 1– 910634– 32– 5 (epub) ISBN: 978– 1– 910634– 33– 2 (mobi) DOI: 10.14324/ 111. 9781910634318 Contents List of figures and tables vii Introduction: discord and consensus in the Low Countries, 1700– 2000 1 Ulrich Tiedau 1. Pre- modern Dutch identity and the peace celebrations of 1748 6 Lotte Jensen 2. Gnawing worms and rolling thunder: the unstable harmony of Dutch eighteenth- century literature 20 Inger Leemans and Gert- Jan Johannes 3. A twice- told tale of a (dis)united kingdom: Thomas Colley Grattan’s History of the Netherlands (1830, 1833) 38 Raphaël Ingelbien and Elisabeth Waelkens 4. A conflict in words and images, or a conflict between word and image? An intermedial analysis of graphic novel adaptations of Hendrik Conscience’s The Lion of Flanders (1838) 57 Christine Hermann 5. Language controversies in the Gazette van Detroit (1916– 1918) 81 Tanja Collet 6. ‘Beyond A Bridge Too Far’: the aftermath of the Battle of Arnhem (1944) and its impact on civilian life 102 Reinier Salverda 7. ‘A sort of wishful dream’: challenging colonial time and ‘Indische’ identities in Hella S. Haasse’s Oeroeg, Sleuteloog and contemporary newspaper reviews 118 Stefanie van Gemert v 8. Reinstating a consensus of blame: the film adaptation of Tessa de Loo’s De tweeling (1993) and Dutch memories of wartime 133 Jenny Watson 9. Harmony and discord in planning: a comparative history of post- war welfare policies in a Dutch– German border region 151 Marijn Molema 10. Dutch in the EU discourse chain: mimic or maverick? 169 Suzie Holdsworth Notes 190 Notes on contributors 214 Index of names 219 Subject index 223 vi CONTENTS List of figures and tables Figures Fig. 1.1 Fireworks in The Hague to celebrate the Peace of Aachen (1749) 9 Fig. 1.2 Riots on Dam Square in Amsterdam, 1748 14 Fig. 2.1 Frontispiece of Lambert Bidloo, Panpoëticon Batavum: kabinet, waar in de afbeeldingen van voornaame Nederlandsche dichteren, versameld, en konstig geschilderdt door Arnoud van Halen [. .] 22 Fig. 2.2 Portrait of Arnoud van Halen (1673– 1732) 23 Fig. 2.3 The Panpoëticon cabinet at the Dutch literary society ‘Kunst wordt door Arbeid verkregen’ (‘Art Is Won Through Labour’) 24 Fig. 2.4 Abraham Zeeman, Pileworms gnawing at the Dutch dykes (1731– 3) 28 Fig. 2.5 Joannes Bemme, Explosion of the gunpowder ship in Leiden 37 Fig. 4.1 Focalisation, Bob de Moor, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 63 Fig. 4.2 Worm’s- eye view, Bob de Moor, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 64 Fig. 4.3 Positioning alongside the Flemings, Bob de Moor, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 64 Fig. 4.4 Hidden violence, Bob de Moor, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 65 Fig. 4.5 Violence, Karel Biddeloo, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 68 Fig. 4.6 Jan Breydel, Karel Biddeloo, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 69 Fig. 4.7 Jan Breydel, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 69 Fig. 4.8 Tax collector, Gejo, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 71 Fig. 4.9 Willy de Clercq, Express.be, ‘Slechte week voor: Willy De Clercq’ 71 Fig. 4.10 Spokesman of the Lowlanders, Gejo, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 72 Fig. 4.11 Hugo Schiltz, President of the Flemish People’s Union (Volksunie), 1975–9. 73 vii Fig. 4.12 Magician, Gejo, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 73 Fig. 4.13 Urinating boy, Gejo, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 76 Fig. 4.14 Bilingualism, Gejo, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 77 Fig. 4.15 Monolingualism, Gejo, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 78 Fig. 4.16 Antwerps, Gejo, De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 79 Fig. 8.1 Still from Tessa de Loo’s De tweeling (2002) 145 Fig. 8.2 Still from Tessa de Loo’s De tweeling (2002) 147 Fig. 10.1 The institutional chain of discourse 174 Fig. 10.2 Hybrid language representations 178 Fig. 10.3 Faraway threats 181 Fig. 10.4 Supranational and intergovernmental relationships 185 Fig. 10.5 Intergovernmental and supranational relationships 188 Tables Table 9.1 Socio- economic indicators 155 viii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Introduction: discord and consensus in the Low Countries, 1700– 2000 Ulrich Tiedau For two and a half balmy days in September 2014, the 10th International Conference of the Association for Low Countries Studies (ALCS) took place at University College London, kindly supported by the Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union).1 Accompanied by readings from award- winning poet Ester Naomi Perquin, in part inspired by her expe- riences of conflict as a Dutch prison warden,2 and a show- and- tell session with impressive items from peaceful and less- peaceful times in the his- tory of the Low Countries, held by Marja Kingma, the curator of Dutch and Flemish collections at the British Library,3 the conference brought together researchers from the UK, the Low Countries and further afield (from Budapest to Berkeley), exploring the theme of discord and consen- sus in the Low Countries through the centuries. All countries, regions and institutions are ultimately built on a degree of consensus, on a collective commitment to a concept, belief or value system. This consensus is continuously rephrased and reinvented through a narrative of cohesion and challenged by expressions of dis- content and discord. The history of the Low Countries is characterised by both a striving for consensus and eruptions of discord both internally and through outside challenges. This volume, based on selected papers from the conference, explores consensus and discord in a Low Countries context along and across broad cultural, linguistic and historical lines.4 It has become an accepted truism that after the turmoil of the sixteenth- century Revolt and until the more recent upsets caused by the political murders of Pim Fortuyn and Theo van Gogh in the early 2000s, the Netherlands have largely led a peaceful existence. While consen- sus loomed large in the political culture of the proverbial Dutch ‘polder model’, discord and conflict could be found throughout the eighteenth 1 to twentieth centuries as well, as the contributions to this volume exem- plarily show, for a great number of fields.