Vital Statistics on Congress 2001-2002 Vital Statistics on Congress 2001-2002 NormanJ. Ornstein American Enterprise Institute Thomas E. Mann Brookings Institution Michael J. Malbin State University of New York at Albany The AEI Press Publisher for the American Enterprise Institute WASHINGTON, D.C. 2002 Distributed to the Trade by National Book Network, 152.00 NBN Way, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 172.14. To order call toll free 1-800-462.-642.0 or 1-717-794-3800. For all other inquiries please contact the AEI Press, 1150 Seventeenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 2.0036 or call 1-800-862.-5801. Available in the United States from the AEI Press, do Publisher Resources Inc., 1224 Heil Quaker Blvd., P O. Box 7001, La Vergne, TN 37086-7001. To order, call toll free: 1-800-937-5557. Distributed outside the United States by arrangement with Eurospan, 3 Henrietta Street, London WC2E 8LU, England. ISBN 0-8447-4167-1 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 0-8447-4168-X (pbk.: alk. paper) 13579108642 © 2002 by the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. Printed in the United States ofAmerica Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Preface ............................................. xiii Introduction 1 1 Members of Congress 31 2 Elections............................................ 61 3 Campaign Finance 85 4 Committees......................................... 11 7 5 Congressional Staff and Operating Expenses 125 6 Workload........................................... 145 7 Budgeting 155 8 Voting Alignments 167 Appendix 193 Index 233 About the Authors 237 v List of Figures and Tables Figures I-I Apportionment of House Seats by Party and Region, 1951 4 1-2 Staffs of Members of the House and Senate, 1891-2001 5 1-3 Staffs of House and Senate Standing Committees, 1891-2001 6 1-4 Bills Introduced and Passed in the House and Senate, 80th-l06th Congresses, 1947-2000 7 1-5 Congressional Workload, 80th-l06th Congresses, 1947-2000 8 1-6 Apportionment of House Seats by Party and Region, 1976 12 1-7 Apportionment of House Seats by Party and Region, 2001 18 1-8 Ideological Positions of House Party Coalitions, 80th-l06th Congresses, 1947-2000 19 1-9 House and Senate Campaign Expenditures, 1980-2000 24 1-10 Soft Money Spent in Congressional Campaigns, Selected Years, 1979-2000 25 1-1 Apportionment of House Seats by Region, 1910 and 2000 59 1-2 Democratic Party Strength in Congress, by Region, 1924-2000 60 2-1 House Seats That Changed Party, 1954-2000 82 2-2 Senate Seats That Changed Party, 1954-2000 83 3-1 Mean Expenditures of House Challengers Who Beat Incumbents, 1984-2000 113 3-2 Percentage of Incumbents' Campaign Funds That Came from PACs, House and Senate, 1984-2000 113 3-3 Percentage of PAC Support for Nonincumbents, 1978-2000 114 3-4 Political Party Contributions and Coordinated Expenditures for Congress, 1976-2000 114 vii 3-5 Independent Expenditures in Senate and House Elections, 1978-2000 115 5-1 Staffs of Members and of Committees in Congress, 1891-2001 143 6-1 Ratio of Bills Passed to Bills Introduced, 80th-l06th Congresses, 1947-2000 153 6-2 Recorded Votes in the House and the Senate, 80th-l06th Congresses, 1947-2000 153 6-3 Public Bills in the Congressional Workload, 80th-l06th Congresses, 1947-2000 154 8-1 Presidential Victories on Votes in Congress, 1953-2000 183 8-2 House Committee Support of the Conservative Coalition, Selected Years, 1959-1998 184 8-3 Senate Committee Support of the Conservative Coalition, Selected Years, 1959-2000 188 8-4 Ideological Positions of House Party Coalitions, 80th-l06th Congresses, 1947-2000 192 8-5 Ideological Positions of Senate Party Coalitions, 80th-l06th Congresses, 1947-2000 192 Tables 1-1 Apportionment of House Seats, by Region and State, 1910-2000 32 1-2 Democratic Party Strength in the House, by Region, 1924-2000 34 1-3 Democratic and Republican Seats in the House, by Region, 1924-2000 36 1-4 Democratic Party Strength in the Senate, by Region, 1924-2000 38 1-5 Democratic and Republican Seats in the Senate, by Region, 1924-2000 39 1-6 Seniority of Representatives, 1953-2001 40 1-7 Seniority of Senators, 1953-2001 42 1-8 Prior Occupations or Occupational Fields of Representatives, 83d-107th Congresses, 1953-2001 43 1-9 Prior Occupations or Occupational Fields of Democratic Representatives, 83d-107th Congresses, 1953-2001 44 1-10 Prior Occupations or Occupational Fields of Republican Representatives, 83d-107th Congresses, 1953-2001 45 1-11 Prior Occupations or Occupational Fields of Senators, 83d-l07th Congresses, 1953-2001 46 1-12 Prior Occupations or Occupational Fields of Democratic Senators, 83d-l07th Congresses, 1953-2001 47 1-13 Prior Occupations or Occupational Fields of Republican Senators, 83d-l07th Congresses, 1953-2001 48 1-14 Religious Affiliations of Representatives, 89th-l07th Congresses, 1965-2001 49 1-15 Religious Affiliations of Senators, 89th-l07th Congresses, 1965-2001 51 1-16 African Americans in Congress, 41st-l07th Congresses, 1869-2001 53 viii Vital Statistics on Congress 1-17 Hispanic Americans in Congress, 41st-l07th Congresses, 1869-2001 54 1-18 Women in Congress, 65th-l07th Congresses, 1917-2001 55 1-19 Political Parties of Senators and Representatives, 34th-l07th Congresses, 1855-2001 56 2-1 Turnout in Presidential and House Elections, 1930-2000 62 2-2 Popular Vote and House Seats Won by Party, 1946-2000 63 2-3 Net Party Gains in House and Senate Seats, General and Special Elections, 1946-2000 64 2-4 Losses by the President's Party in Midterm Elections, 1862-1998 66 2-5 House Seats That Changed Party, 1954-2000 67 2-6 Senate Seats That Changed Part~ 1954-2000 68 2-7 House Incumbents Retired, Defeated, or Reelected, 1946-2000 69 2-8 Senate Incumbents Retired, Defeated, or Reelected, 1946-2000 70 2-9 House and Senate Retirements by Party, 1930-2000 71 2-10 Defeated House Incumbents, 1946-2000 72 2-11 Defeated Senate Incumbents, 1946-2000 74 2-12 House Elections Won with 60 Percent of Major Party Vote, 1956-2000 75 2-13 Senate Elections Won with 60 Percent of Major Party Vote, 1944-2000 76 2-14 Marginal Races among Members of the 107th Congress, 2000 76 2-15 Conditions of Initial Election for Members of the 107th Congress, 2001 77 2-16 Ticket Splitting between Presidential and House Candidates, 1900-2000 78 2-17 District Voting for President and Representative, 1952-2000 79 2-18 Shifts in Democratic Major Party Vote in Congressional Districts, 1956-2000 80 2-19 Party-Line Voting in Presidential and Congressional Elections, 1956-2000 81 3-1 The Cost of Winning an Election, 1986-2000 86 3-2 House Campaign Expenditures, 1980-2000 87 3-3 Expenditures of House Incumbents and Challengers, by Election Outcome, 1980-2000 89 3-4 Expenditures for Open House Seats, by Election Outcome, 1984-2000 91 3-5 Senate Campaign Expenditures, 1980-2000 93 3-6 Expenditures of Senate Incumbents and Challengers, by Election Outcome, 1980-2000 95 3-7 Expenditures for Open Senate Seats, by Election Outcome, 1986-2000 97 3-8 Campaign Funding Sources for House and Senate Candidates, 1984-2000 99 3-9 Number of Registered Political Action Committees, 1974-2000 106 3-10 PAC Contributions to Congressional Candidates, 1978-2000 106 Figures and Tables ix 3-11 How PACs Distributed Their Contributions to Congressional Candidates, 1978-2000 107 3-12 Political Party Contributions and Coordinated Expenditures for Congressional Candidates, 1976-2000 110 3-13 Soft Money Disbursements by National Party Committees from Nonfederal Accounts, 1992-2000 III 3-14 Independent Expenditures in House and Senate Elections, 1978-2000 112 4-1 Number of Committees in the Senate and the House, 84th-l07th Congresses, 1955-2001 118 4-2 Number and Type of House Committees, 84th-l07th Congresses, 1955-2001 119 4-3 Number and Type of Senate Committees, 84th-l07th Congresses, 1955-2001 120 4-4 Committee Assignments for Representatives, 84th-l07th Congresses, 1955-2001 121 4-5 Committee Assignments for Senators, 84th-l07th Congresses, 1955-2001 121 4-6 Majority Party Chairmanships of House Committees and Subcommittees, 84th-l07th Congresses, 1955-2001 122 4-7 Majority Party Chairmanships of Senate Committees and Subcommittees, 84th-l07th Congresses, 1955-2001 123 4-8 Southern Chairmanships of House and Senate Standing Committees, 84th-l07th Congresses, 1955-2001 124 5-1 Congressional Staff, 1979-2001 126 5-2 Staffs of Members of the House and Senate, Selected Years, 1891-2001 128 5-3 House Staff Based in District Offices, 1970-2001 129 5-4 Senate Staff Based in State Offices, 1972-2001 129 5-5 Staffs of House and Senate Standing Committees, 1891-2001 130 5-6 Staffs of House Standing Committees, 1947-2001 131 5-7 Staffs of Senate Standing Committees, 1947-2001 133 5-8 Staffs of Congressional Support Agencies, Fiscal Years 1946-2001 134 5-9 Legislative Branch Appropriations and the Consumer Price Index, 1946-2000 135 5-10 Legislative Branch Appropriations, by Category, Fiscal Years 1984-2000 137 5-11 Allowances for Representatives, 1977-2001 139 5-12 Allowances for Senators, 1977-2001 141 6-1 House Workload, 80th-l06th Congresses, 1947-2000 146 6-2 Senate Workload,