IBM XL C/C++ for AIX, V13.1.2 IBM Standard C++ Library Reference Version 13.1.2 SC27-4262-01 IBM XL C/C++ for AIX, V13.1.2 IBM Standard C++ Library Reference Version 13.1.2 SC27-4262-01 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, be sure to read the general information under “Notices” on page 533. This edition applies to IBM XL C/C++ for AIX, V13.1.2 (Program number 5765-J07; 5725-C72) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. Make sure you are using the correct edition for the level of the product. IBM welcomes your comments. You can send your comments to the following Internet address: [email protected]. Be sure to include your e-mail address if you want a reply. Include the title and order number of this book, and the page number or topic related to your comment. When you send information to IBM, you grant IBM a nonexclusive right to use or distribute the information in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you. Copyright © IBM Corp. 1999, 2013. Copyright © P.J. Plauger and/or Dinkumware, Ltd. 1992-2006 Copyright © 1994 Hewlett-Packard Company US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Copyright © IBM Corp. 1999, 2013. & Copyright © P.J. Plauger and/or Dinkumware, Ltd. 1992-2006. & Copyright © 1994 Hewlett-Packard Company. Contents Conventions ............ vii <csignal> ............... 65 <cstdarg> ............... 65 Related information ......... xi <cstdbool> .............. 65 <cstddef> ............... 66 IBM XL C/C++ information ......... xi <cstdint> ............... 66 Standards and specifications......... xii <cstdio> ............... 67 Other IBM information .......... xiii <cstdlib> ............... 67 Other information ............ xiii <cstring> ............... 68 <ctgmath>............... 68 Technical support .......... xv <ctime> ............... 68 <cwchar> ............... 69 How to send your comments .... xvii <cwctype>............... 70 <deque> ............... 70 Chapter 1. Standard C++ Library Description ............. 70 Overview .............. 1 Synopsis .............. 70 Classes ............... 71 Header files overview ........... 2 Template functions ........... 78 Using C++ Library Headers ......... 3 <exception> .............. 79 Standard C++ Library Conventions ....... 4 Description ............. 79 Iostreams Conventions ........... 5 Synopsis .............. 79 C++ Program Startup and Termination ..... 5 Classes ............... 79 Functions .............. 80 Chapter 2. Standard C++ Library Header Types ............... 81 Files ................ 7 <fstream> ............... 81 <algorithm> .............. 10 Description ............. 81 Description ............. 10 Synopsis .............. 81 Synopsis .............. 11 Classes ............... 82 Functions .............. 15 Types ............... 90 <array>................ 34 <functional> .............. 91 Description ............. 34 Description ............. 91 Synopsis .............. 34 Synopsis .............. 92 Classes ............... 35 Classes ............... 94 Template functions ........... 39 Functions.............. 105 Templates .............. 40 Operators ............. 108 <bitset> ............... 41 Structures ............. 109 Description ............. 41 Objects .............. 109 Synopsis .............. 41 <iomanip> .............. 109 Classes ............... 41 Description ............. 109 Template functions ........... 46 Synopsis .............. 110 <cassert> ............... 46 Manipulators ............ 110 <cctype> ............... 46 <ios> ................ 111 <cerrno> ............... 47 Description ............. 111 <cfenv> ............... 47 Synopsis .............. 111 <cfloat> ............... 48 Classes .............. 112 <cinttypes> .............. 48 Manipulators ............ 123 <ciso646> ............... 48 Types ............... 125 <climits> ............... 49 <iosfwd> ............... 126 <clocale> ............... 49 Description ............. 126 <cmath> ............... 49 Synopsis .............. 126 <complex> .............. 50 <iostream> .............. 128 Description ............. 50 Description ............. 128 Synopsis .............. 51 Synopsis .............. 128 Macros ............... 53 Objects .............. 129 Classes ............... 53 <istream> .............. 130 Template functions ........... 57 Description ............. 130 <csetjmp> ............... 65 Synopsis .............. 130 iii Classes .............. 130 Template functions .......... 273 Manipulators ............ 137 <random> .............. 274 Types ............... 137 Description ............. 274 Template functions .......... 138 Synopsis .............. 274 <iterator> .............. 139 Classes .............. 275 Description ............. 139 Types ............... 297 Synopsis .............. 139 <regex> ............... 298 Classes .............. 141 Description ............. 298 Template functions .......... 154 Synopsis .............. 299 Types ............... 155 Classes .............. 304 Operators ............. 156 Template functions .......... 323 <limits> ............... 157 Types ............... 325 Description ............. 157 Operators ............. 329 Synopsis .............. 157 <set> ................ 333 Enumerations ............ 158 Description ............. 333 Classes .............. 158 Synopsis .............. 333 <list> ................ 163 Macros .............. 334 Description ............. 163 Classes .............. 334 Synopsis .............. 163 Template functions .......... 346 Classes .............. 163 <sstream> .............. 348 Template functions .......... 172 Description ............. 348 <locale> ............... 173 Synopsis .............. 348 Description ............. 173 Classes .............. 349 Synopsis .............. 173 Types ............... 355 Classes .............. 174 <stack> ............... 356 Template functions .......... 217 Description ............. 356 <map> ............... 219 Synopsis .............. 356 Description ............. 219 Classes .............. 357 Synopsis .............. 219 Template functions .......... 359 Macros .............. 220 <stdexcept> .............. 360 Classes .............. 220 Description ............. 360 Template functions .......... 234 Synopsis .............. 360 <memory> .............. 235 Classes .............. 360 Description ............. 235 <streambuf>.............. 361 Synopsis .............. 236 Description ............. 361 Classes .............. 236 Synopsis .............. 362 Functions.............. 251 Classes .............. 362 Operators ............. 253 Types ............... 370 <new> ............... 254 <string> ............... 371 Description ............. 254 Description ............. 371 Synopsis .............. 254 Synopsis .............. 371 Macros .............. 254 Classes .............. 373 Classes .............. 255 Template functions .......... 390 Functions.............. 255 Types ............... 393 Types ............... 258 <strstream> .............. 393 Objects .............. 258 Description ............. 393 <numeric> .............. 258 Synopsis .............. 394 Description ............. 258 Classes .............. 394 Synopsis .............. 258 <tuple> ............... 401 Template functions .......... 259 Description ............. 401 <ostream> .............. 260 Synopsis .............. 401 Description ............. 260 Classes .............. 402 Synopsis .............. 260 Functions.............. 403 Classes .............. 261 <typeinfo> .............. 405 Template functions .......... 265 Description ............. 405 Manipulators ............ 267 Synopsis .............. 405 Types ............... 268 Classes .............. 405 <queue> ............... 268 <type_traits> ............. 406 Description ............. 268 Description ............. 406 Synopsis .............. 268 Synopsis .............. 406 Classes .............. 269 Implementation Notes ......... 408 iv Standard C++ Library Reference Helper Class ............ 408 Element .............. 507 Unary Type Traits ........... 409 Repetition ............. 509 Binary Type Traits ........... 415 Concatenation ............ 510 Transformation Type Traits ........ 415 Alternation ............. 510 <unordered_map>............ 417 Subexpression ............ 510 Description ............. 417 Grammar Summary ........... 511 Synopsis .............. 417 Semantic Details ............ 512 Classes .............. 418 Anchor .............. 512 <unordered_set> ............ 433 Back Reference ............ 512 Description ............. 433 Bracket Expression .......... 512 Synopsis .............. 433 Capture Group ............ 513 Classes .............. 433 Character Class............ 513 <utility> ............... 448 Character Range ........... 514 Description ............. 448 Collating Element ........... 514 Synopsis .............. 448 Collating Symbol ........... 514 Classes .............. 449 Control Escape Sequence ........ 514 Functions.............. 450 DSW Character Escape ......... 515 <valarray> .............. 451 Equivalence Class ........... 515 Description ............. 451 File Format Escape .......... 515 Synopsis .............. 451 Hexadecimal Escape Sequence....... 515 Classes .............. 455 Identity Escape ............ 515 Template functions .......... 466 Individual Character .......... 516 Types ............... 469 Negative Assert ........... 516 Operators ............. 469 Negative Word Boundary Assert .....