The Phonology and Morphology of Wadi Mousa Arabic Anas Ibraheem Al Huneety Supervisor: Janet Watson School of Humanites, Languages, and Social Sciences University of Salford, UK Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirement of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, June 2015 i Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xvii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... xviii Abbreviations within Data Examples.................................................................................. xix Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. xx Declaration......................................................................................................................... xxi Abstract ........................................................................................................................... xxiii 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Scope of the Study........................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Rationale of the Study ..................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Overview of the Thesis .................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Historical and Socio-economic Background of WM ........................................................ 6 1.7 Fieldwork Preparation and Methodology ....................................................................... 11 1.7.1 Preparation.............................................................................................................. 11 1.7.2 Ethical Consent ....................................................................................................... 11 1.7.3 Data Collection Methods ......................................................................................... 12 1.7.4 Recording Equipment ............................................................................................. 13 1.7.5 Saving and Backing-up of Data and the Use of Metadata ........................................ 14 1.7.6 Type of Data Collected ........................................................................................... 14 1.7.7 Transcription and Translation.................................................................................. 15 1.8 Chapter Summary .......................................................................................................... 15 2 Theoretical Background ................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Overview of Arabic Dialectology .................................................................................. 16 2.2 An Overview of the Linguistic Situation in Jordan ........................................................ 21 ii 2.3 Literature on Levantine Dialects .................................................................................... 24 2.3.1 Phoneme System ..................................................................................................... 24 2.3.1.1 Consonants ....................................................................................................... 24 2.3.1.2 Vowel System .................................................................................................. 25 2.3.2 Syllable Structure .................................................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Stress Assignment ................................................................................................... 28 2.3.4 Complex Clusters .................................................................................................... 29 2.3.5 Phonological processes ........................................................................................... 30 2.3.5.1 Assimilation Processes ..................................................................................... 30 2.3.5.2 Emphasis Spread .............................................................................................. 31 2.3.5.3 Ghawa, Gahawa and Bṣala Syndromes ............................................................. 33 2.3.5.4 ʔimāla and Raising ........................................................................................... 34 2.3.5.5 Umlaut ............................................................................................................. 34 2.3.6 Morphology ............................................................................................................ 34 2.3.6.1 Personal Pronouns ............................................................................................ 34 2.3.6.2 Demonstrative Pronouns ................................................................................... 35 2.3.7 Lexicon ................................................................................................................... 36 2.4 Chapter Summary .......................................................................................................... 37 3 The Phonological Aspects of WM Arabic ......................................................................... 38 3.1 The Phoneme Inventory of WM Arabic ......................................................................... 38 3.1.1 Classical Arabic Phoneme System .......................................................................... 38 3.1.2 The Consonant Inventory of WM Arabic ................................................................ 39 3.1.2.1 Stops ................................................................................................................ 43 3.1.2.2 Fricatives .......................................................................................................... 47 3.1.2.3 Affricates ......................................................................................................... 51 3.1.2.4 Flaps................................................................................................................. 52 3.1.2.5 Approximants ................................................................................................... 52 iii 3.1.2.5.1Glides ............................................................................................................. 52 3.1.2.5.2 Laterals .......................................................................................................... 53 3.1.3 Overview of Arabic Emphasis ............................................................................ 54 3.1.4 Vowel Inventory ..................................................................................................... 56 3.1.4.1 The Distribution of Diphthongs and Monophthongs in WM Arabic .................. 57 3.1.4.1.1 Initial-Weak Roots ......................................................................................... 58 3.1.4.1.2 Medial-Weak Roots ....................................................................................... 59 3.1.4.1.3 Final-Weak Roots .......................................................................................... 60 3.2 The phonological Processes of WM Arabic ................................................................... 60 3.2.1 Melodic Phonological Processes ............................................................................. 61 3.2.1.1 Assimilation ......................................................................................................... 61 3.2.1.1.1 Definite Article Assimilation ......................................................................... 61 3.2.1.1.2 Assimilation of t- to Coronal Obstruents ........................................................ 63 3.2.1.1.3 Sonorant Assimilation ................................................................................... 66 3.2.1.1.4 Non-Coronal Assimilation ............................................................................ 67 3.2.1.1.5. Emphasis Spread .......................................................................................... 68 3.2.1.2 Umlaut ................................................................................................................. 75 3.2.2 Prosodic Processes .................................................................................................. 76 3.2.2.1 Syllable Structure ............................................................................................. 76 3.2.2.2 Phonotactics ..................................................................................................... 81 3.2.2.3 Stress Assignment ............................................................................................ 82 3.2.2.4 Theoretical Account of Stress in WM Arabic .................................................... 84 3.2.2.5 Major Prosodic Processes