JOURNALISTIC STRATEGIES IN CONFLICT REPORTING AND THE REPRESENTATIONS OF ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES IN JOS, NIGERIA: TOWARDS SOLUTIONS-REVIEW JOURNALISM GODFREY NAANLANG DANAAN PhD. THESIS 2017 Journalistic Strategies in Conflict Reporting and the Representations of Ethnic and Religious Identities in Jos, Nigeria: Towards Solutions-Review Journalism Godfrey Naanlang Danaan School of Arts and Media, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, May, 2017 ii Contents Contents ............................................................................................................. iii List of Figures .................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ...................................................................................................... xi Abstract ..............................................................................................................xii Acknowledgements.......................................................................................... xiii Chapter One ........................................................................................................ 1 Introduction to the Thesis .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Chapter Overview ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background ................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Rationale for the Study ................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................ 9 1.5 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Aim of the Study ....................................................................................................... 11 1.7 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................. 11 1.8 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................. 11 1.8.1 The Frustration-Aggression and Peace Journalism theories ............................ 11 1.8.2 Objectivity, Mediatisation and News Framing theories .................................... 12 1.9 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 13 1.10 Research Philosophy ................................................................................................. 14 1.11 Contribution to Knowledge ....................................................................................... 14 1.12 Definition of Key Concepts....................................................................................... 16 1.13 Thesis Overview ........................................................................................................ 18 1.14 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 20 Chapter Two ...................................................................................................... 22 The Changing Perspectives of Conflict and Journalism ............................... 22 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 22 2.2 When Conflict turns Violent .......................................................................................... 22 2.3 Journalism in the World of Conflict ............................................................................... 25 2.4 The Journalist Reporting Conflict .................................................................................. 30 iii 2.5 The Four European Wars ............................................................................................ 36 2.6. The Northern Ireland Conflict ................................................................................... 37 2.7 Covering the Kashmir Conflict ...................................................................................... 40 2.8 American Journalists in International Conflicts ......................................................... 41 2.9 Mirroring Conflicts of the ‘Third World’ Africa ......................................................... 44 2.10 Africa: Drawing Example from the Rwandan Conflict ............................................... 50 2.11 The Journalist’s Profession and Membership of a Conflict Community ..................... 52 2.12 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 55 Chapter Three ................................................................................................... 57 Nigeria and the Dimensions of the Jos Conflict ............................................. 57 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 57 3.2 Nigeria’s Diversity: The Origin of Conflict ................................................................... 57 3.3 The Jos Conflict ............................................................................................................. 69 3.3.1 The Years of Violent Conflict: 2001, 2008 and 2010 ............................................. 73 3.3.2 Contestation over the Political Control of Jos ......................................................... 77 3.3.3 Influence of Religion on ‘indigenes’ and ‘settlers’ ................................................. 80 3.4 Handling Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigerian Media .......................................... 85 3.5 Jos Conflict in the Media ............................................................................................... 89 3.6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 91 Chapter Four ..................................................................................................... 92 Objectivity, Mediatisation and News Framing: Theoretical Framework ... 92 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 92 4.2 The Frustration–Aggression Theory .............................................................................. 93 4.3 Peace Journalism Theory: An Alternative to War Journalism ....................................... 95 4.4 Journalistic Objectivity .................................................................................................. 98 4.4.1 The ‘trouble’ with objectivity ................................................................................ 100 4.4.2 Emerging brands of journalistic practices beyond objectivity .............................. 102 4.5 The Theory of Mediatisation ........................................................................................ 106 4.6 News Framing Theory .................................................................................................. 114 4.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 118 Chapter Five .................................................................................................... 120 Research Design, Process and Methodology ................................................ 120 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 120 iv 5.2 Research Process .......................................................................................................... 120 5.3 Research Philosophy .................................................................................................... 121 5.4 Research Approach ...................................................................................................... 125 5.5 Research Strategy ......................................................................................................... 127 5.6 Time Horizon ............................................................................................................... 128 5.7 Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 129 5.8 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 130 5.8.1 Data Collection Method: Interviews...................................................................... 135 5.8.2 Data Collection Method: Qualitative Content Analysis ........................................ 145 5.9 The Qualitative Content Analysis Coding Scheme ...................................................... 154 5.10 Ethical Implications.................................................................................................... 157 5.11 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 158 Chapter Six .....................................................................................................