The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W7, 2017 ISPRS Geospatial Week 2017, 18–22 September 2017, Wuhan, China CYBERNETIC BASIS AND SYSTEM PRACTICE OF REMOTE SENSING AND SPATIAL INFORMATION SCIENCE Xiang TAN a,b,c, Xin JING d, Rui CHEN a,b, Zhaohui MING c, Liqin HE a,b, Yiyuan SUN a,b, Xianfang SUN e, Lei YAN a,b* a Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China - [email protected]; (obbie1,sunyiyuan94)@163.com; [email protected] b Beijing Key Lab of Spatial Information Integration & Its Applications, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China c Specialized Forces College of PAP, Beijing 102202, China - [email protected] d South Dakota State University, South Dakota 57007, USA - [email protected] e School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, United Kingdom - [email protected] *Corresponding Author: Lei YAN, E-mail: [email protected] Commission IV, WG IV/4 KEY WORDS: Remote Sensing, Spatial Information, Cybernetics, System Practice, Closed-loop control ABSTRACT: Cybernetics provides a new set of ideas and methods for the study of modern science, and it has been fully applied in many areas. However, few people have introduced cybernetics into the field of remote sensing. The paper is based on the imaging process of remote sensing system, introducing cybernetics into the field of remote sensing, establishing a space-time closed-loop control theory for the actual operation of remote sensing. The paper made the process of spatial information coherently, and improved the comprehensive efficiency of the space information from acquisition, procession, transformation to application. We not only describes the application of cybernetics in remote sensing platform control, sensor control, data processing control, but also in whole system of remote sensing imaging process control. We achieve the information of output back to the input to control the efficient operation of the entire system. This breakthrough combination of cybernetics science and remote sensing science will improve remote sensing science to a higher level. 1. INTRODUCTION remote sensing instruments, atmospheric detection and atmospheric parameter inversion, atmospheric impact correction Since the American mathematician Norbert Wiener published methods and techniques, geo-station and geometric calibration 《cybernetics - on the science of communication and control of methods and techniques, computer image processing, the setting animals and machines》, cybernetics has been proposed for of ground radiation and geometric calibration experiment fields more than sixty years. Cybernetics provides a new set of ideas and a variety of remote sensing application models and methods, and methods for the study of modern science and promotes the geo-parameter inversion and projection and other disciplines transformation of contemporary philosophical ideas. Scholars in and fields. Each link is very important, which has its own theory, various fields have studied the cybernetics in their own fields methods and techniques. Only by making full use of the theory constantly. Since then, cybernetics has developed various of systematic cybernetics and establishing the scientific branches: biological cybernetics(and medical cybernetics), relationship between input and output of each part can we make engineering cybernetics(and robotics cybernetics), social and these areas coordinate and develop so as to finally solve the economic cybernetics(and management cybernetics), military quantitative and real-time task of remote sensing information. cybernetics, natural cybernetics(ecology, environment, resources, etc.) and others. Cybernetics is widely used in the However, the quantification automatic control and analysis fields of biology, medicine, physiology, psychology, ecology, techniques of remote sensing time and spatial information environment, resources, economy, politics, military and social remains a challenge. Although the target recognition and sciences and physics and chemistry in the natural sciences, classification, intelligent human-computer interactive methods which can lead to surprising new discoveries (Wu B W, 2008). have been widely applied, the automation control and analysis and recognition mode, artificial intelligence, expert systems and Remote sensing applications focus on the timeliness, emergency other technologies are still not smart enough, the accuracy still rescue also requires all-weather remote sensing monitoring, needs to be improved. Therefore, the cybernetics introduction of real-time has increasingly become the requirement of remote the field of remote sensing, we need to start from the remote sensing technology applications. Real-time is essentially sensing system, and establish time-space closed-loop control automatic. Real-time acquisition, processing and application of theory of remote sensing actual operation. Then we should remote sensing information are all based on automatic control. extend the theory of cybernetics to the specific examples, to The quantitative researches of remote sensing information have achieve the coherent process of spatial information from the an important role in the development of remote sensing, and acquisition to the application. Finally it can provide a have become the frontier technology of remote sensing. It has possibility for the significant increase of the overall many growth points and can promote the development of many effectiveness in spatial information acquisition, processing, disciplines and applications. Quantitative researches of remote transmission and application. sensing information involve the design and manufacture of This contribution has been peer-reviewed. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W7-143-2017 | © Authors 2017. CC BY 4.0 License. 143 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W7, 2017 ISPRS Geospatial Week 2017, 18–22 September 2017, Wuhan, China 2. SYSTEMATIC CYBERNETICS THEORY IN 1. Signal line: The signal line is a straight line with an REMOTE SENSING INFORMATION arrow. Where the arrow indicates the flow of the signal, the time function of the signal or the phase function (ie, the As a result of the development of remote sensing technology, Laplace transform) mark is on the straight line, as shown in along with the improvement of time and spatial resolution of Fig. 1 (a). The signal line marks the system variable. remote sensing information, cybernetics is being applied into 2. Extraction point: The extraction point is also known more fields. Automatic methods are becoming more and more as the branch point or measurement point, it is two or more popular, because the fully automatic can promote the real-time signal outputs, indicating the signal leads or measured the and on-orbit synchronization. So as to construct the sensor grid, location, as shown in Figure 1 (b). The same position leads and directly obtain useful data and information from the data to the same signal size and nature. back and on-orbit processing. And then to carry out automatic 3. Comparison point: The comparison point is also searches based on image content and change detection of referred to as the integration point or the addition point. specific target for achieving full automation as soon as possible. It’s two or more of the signal addition and subtraction (comparison) operation. "Ten" means additive, "one" To achieve all quantitative inversion of remote sensing is the means subtraction, "ten" can be omitted from writing, as main development trend with the comprehensive geometric and shown in Figure 1 (c). Note: The amount of addition must physical equations. As we all know, community needs puts have the same physical dimension. forward a difficult challenge to the remote sensing workers, but 4. Box: The box represents the function of the also brings unprecedented development opportunities. It component or link between the input and the output requires years of theoretical, technical and engineering function, as shown in Figure 1 (d). To write a symbol or a accumulation, based on a variety of individual technical link in the box. maturity. And there is a pattern formed with unified theoretical support, comprehensive technical means and advanced space r(t) c(t) R(s)+ R(s)-C(s） R(s) C(s) integration information system. The most fundamental remote G(s) R(s) C(s) sensing information control problem can be solved. C(s) - C(s) 2.1 Basic Definition of Cybernetics Theory and Expression Figure 1. Structure diagram of control system four elements of Transfer Function Flow Diagram In cybernetics, "control" is defined as: in order to "improve" the 2.2 Spatial State Equation and Differential Form of Linear function of one or some of the controlled objects. With the System information obtained, the effects on the object can be confirmed. It shows that the control is based on the information. The 2.2.1 Space state equation information is transmitted in order to control, so any control depends on the feedback is to be achieved. Feedback is an The spatial state expression is based on the basic concept of extremely important concept in the theory of cybernetics. state, state variables, state space, state equation and so on. State Frankly, information feedback refers to the control system is a set of variables, in the case of known future input. It’s sending out the information, but also receiving