The Malay Lects of Southern Sumatra – McDowell & Anderbeck JSEALS Special Publication No. 7 THE MALAY LECTS OF SOUTHERN SUMATRA * Jonathan McDowell and Karl Anderbeck (Edited and Formatted by Paul Sidwell) © 2020 University of Hawai’i Press All rights reserved OPEN ACCESS – Semiannual with periodic special publications E-ISSN: 1836-6821 http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52466 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. JSEALS publishes fully open access content, which means that all articles are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication. Non-commercial use and distribution in any medium are permitted, provided the author and the journal are properly credited. Cover photo by Jonathan McDowell and Karl Anderbeck ii JournalJSEALS of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Editor-in-Chief Mark Alves (Montgomery College, USA) Managing Editors Nathan Hill (University of London, SOAS, UK) Sigrid Lew (Payap University, Thailand) Paul Sidwell (University of Sydney, Australia) Editorial Advisory Committee Luke BRADLEY (University of Freiburg, Germany) Marc BRUNELLE (University of Ottawa, Canada) Christopher BUTTON (Independent researcher) Kamil DEEN (University of Hawaii, USA) Gerard DIFFLOTH (Cambodia) Rikker DOCKUM (Yale University, USA) San San HNIN TUN (INCALCO, France) Kitima INDRAMBARYA (Kasetsart University, Thailand) Peter JENKS (UC Berkeley, USA) Mathias JENNY (University of Zurich, Switzerland) Daniel KAUFMAN (Queens College, City University of New York & Endangered Language Alliance, USA) James KIRBY (University of Edinburgh, Scotland) Hsiu-chuan LIAO (National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan) Bradley MCDONNELL (University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, USA) Alexis MICHAUD (CNRS (Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), France) Marc MIYAKE (The British Museum) David MORTENSEN (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) Peter NORQUEST (University of Arizona, USA) Christina Joy PAGE (Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Canada) John D. PHAN (Columbia University, USA) Pittayawat PITTAYAPORN (Chulalongkorn University, Thailand) Amara PRASITHRATHSINT (Chulalongkorn University, Thailand) Alexander D. SMITH (University of North Texas) Joseph (Deth) THACH (Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, France) Kenneth VAN BIK (California State University, Fullerton, CA) Seth VITRANO-WILSON (Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand) Alice VITTRANT (Aix-Marseille Université / CNRS-DDL, France) Heather WINSKEL (Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia) The Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society publishes articles on a wide range of linguistic topics of the languages and language families of Southeast Asia and surrounding areas. JSEALS has been hosted by the UH Press since the beginning of 2017. iii FROM THE JSEALS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF This volume is the seventh JSEALS Special Publication. The goal of JSEALS Special Publications is to share collections of linguistics articles, such as select papers from conferences or other special research agendas, as well as to offer a way for linguistic researchers in the greater Southeast Asian region to publish monograph-length works. In this instance, the authors have provided an overview of the tremendous dialectal diversity of Malay spoken throughout the island of Sumatra. It was the result of several years of data gathering in the first decades of the 2000s. The contents include a combination of phonological, lexical, morphological and sociolinguistic data with a synchronic focus but with diachronic points of reference. The work is supportedly generously with maps and comparative tables of linguistic isoglosses and features. Thus, this is a substantive contribution to Malay linguistics, dialectology, and Southeast Asian linguistics broadly. We are very pleased that JSEALS is able to contribute to the sharing of such valuable linguistic research. Mark J. Alves December 1st, 2020 Montgomery College Rockville, Maryland iv Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... V INDEX OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. VII INDEX OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. IX ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... X COMMONLY-USED INDONESIAN TERMS ........................................................................ X 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 SOUTHERN SUMATRA – BACKGROUND .................................................................................... 2 1.3 LINGUISTIC ECOLOGY OF SOUTHERN SUMATRA ....................................................................... 4 1.4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON THE MALAYIC OF SOUTHERN SUMATRA ........................................... 7 1.5 CHANGES TO THE ETHNOLOGUE/ISO 639-3 LANGUAGE REGISTRY 2001-PRESENT ................. 8 1.6 TERMINOLOGY AND CLUSTERING .......................................................................................... 11 1.7 DIALECT GROUPS OF SOUTHERN SUMATRA............................................................................ 13 2. PHILOSOPHY AND GOALS ........................................................................................ 26 2.1 PHILOSOPHY OF RAPID APPRAISAL RESEARCH ...................................................................... 26 2.2 LANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION AND LANGUAGE ECOLOGY: OIL AND WATER? ........................... 27 2.3 AREA OF STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 27 2.4 GOALS ................................................................................................................................... 28 3. METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 29 3.1 RESEARCH SITES .................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 LEXICOSTATISTIC THEORY AND METHODOLOGY.................................................................... 33 3.3 PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS..................................................................................................... 35 3.4 RTT RATIONALE, PROCEDURES USED, SAMPLING .................................................................. 35 3.5 SOCIOLINGUISTIC QUESTIONNAIRES ...................................................................................... 36 4. LEXICOSTATISTIC AND LEXICAL ANALYSIS ...................................................... 39 4.2 SUMMARY OF LEXICOSTATISTIC ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 54 4.3 TWO REANALYZED FINAL *R WORDS ..................................................................................... 55 5. PHONOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS ................................ 56 5.1 REALIZATION OF PM *H ........................................................................................................ 57 5.2 PM *S > H, X .......................................................................................................................... 62 5.3 REFLEXES OF PM *R IN SSML............................................................................................... 62 5.4 NASAL DELETION BEFORE VOICELESS STOPS ......................................................................... 69 5.5 PM HIGH VOWELS IN SOUTHERN SUMATRA ........................................................................... 72 5.6 REFLEX OF WORD FINAL *-A .................................................................................................. 76 5.7 WORD-FINAL DIPHTHONGS AND MONOPHTHONGS ................................................................. 81 5.8 EPENTHESIS OF LOW VOWEL AFTER HIGH VOWEL IN CLOSED ULTIMATE SYLLABLE ............... 82 5.9 PM *A > E .............................................................................................................................. 84 5.10 ULTIMATE CLOSED ‘JAKARTA’ SCHWA IN PALEMBANG LAMA .............................................. 87 5.11 INITIAL VOICED STOP/AFFRICATE NASAL ASSIMILATION ........................................................ 87 5.12 SUFFIXES: –KA(H), -KAN, -AN AND -A ................................................................................... 91 5.13 WORD FINAL CONSONANT FOR KINSHIP TERMS .................................................................... 101 6. RAPID APPRAISAL RECORDED TEXT TEST (RA-RTT) FINDINGS .................. 104 7. SOCIOLINGUISTIC FINDINGS ................................................................................. 112 7.1 DIALECTOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 112 7.2 LANGUAGE USE ................................................................................................................... 120 7.3 LANGUAGE CHANGE ............................................................................................................ 132 7.4